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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Un anarchiste tu&#233; par la police aux &#201;tats-Unis</title>
		<link>https://autrefutur.net/?Un-anarchiste-tue-par-la-police-aux-Etats-Unis</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://autrefutur.net/?Un-anarchiste-tue-par-la-police-aux-Etats-Unis</guid>
		<dc:date>2019-07-17T14:36:59Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Correspondant</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Solidarit&#233;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Am&#233;riques</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Willem Van Spronsen was an anarchist and anti-fascist from Washington who was fatally shot by police on July 13 while trying to set a fire with incendiary devices during an attack at an ICE detention center in Tacoma. Authorities say Van Spronsen was armed with a rifle and threw &#8220;lit objects&#8221; at buildings and vehicles in the parking lot of the Northwest Detention Center. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Van Spronsen, a Vashon Island musician, was shot and killed by Tacoma Police officers, the Seattle Times reports. No one (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH106/arton1066-dac81.jpg?1725748953' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='106' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Willem Van Spronsen was an anarchist and anti-fascist from Washington who was fatally shot by police on July 13 while trying to set a fire with incendiary devices during an attack at an ICE detention center in Tacoma. Authorities say Van Spronsen was armed with a rifle and threw &#8220;lit objects&#8221; at buildings and vehicles in the parking lot of the Northwest Detention Center.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Van Spronsen, a Vashon Island musician, was shot and killed by Tacoma Police officers, the Seattle Times reports. No one else was injured.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Van Spronsen also went by the name Emma Durutti on a now-deleted Facebook profile and on an album titled &#8220;the audio manifesto&#8221; that was posted to Bandcamp a week before he was killed. While some have said the Emma Durutti name indicated Van Spronsen was trans &#8212; and Emma Durutti did post on Facebook in 2018 calling Willem Van Spronsen a dead name &#8212; friends of Van Spronsen say he did not identify as trans and used Emma Durutti as a pen name. The nom de plume is a reference to two of Van Spronsen's inspirations : Emma Goldman, an anarchist activist, and Spanish insurrectionary Buenaventura Durruti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The detention center is run by GEO Group, a private company, and has a capacity to hold 1,575 people detained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The incident comes amid nationwide protests against planned raids targeting undocumented immigrants announced by President Donald Trump and his administration and outcry against the conditions of facilities being used to hold detained migrants and asylum seekers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Van Spronsen was previously arrested in 2018 at the Tacoma detention facility when he was accused of lunging at a police officer who was detaining another protester. Van Spronsen later pleaded guilty to obstructing a law enforcement officer and was given a deferred sentence. On Facebook, using the Emma Durutti name, Van Spronsen had posted frequently about issues connected to ICE detention centers and posted photos protesting outside of the Tacoma facility.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The incident occurred about 4 a.m., Tacoma Police said. Officers responded after receiving a call from an ICE employee at the detention center, according to the police department.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8220;We are extremely grateful to the officers of the Tacoma Police Department who reacted quickly to the incident that occurred outside the Northwest Detention Center this morning,&#8221; Michael Melendez, acting field office director for Seattle Enforcement and Removal Operations at ICE, said in a statement to The Washington Post. &#8220;This incident could have resulted in the loss of many more lives, were it not for the brave actions of all the officers involved.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;GEO Group told The Associated Press, that &#8220;baseless accusations,&#8221; about the facility, &#8220;have led to misplaced aggression and a dangerous environment for our employees, whose safety is our top priority. Violence of any kind against our employees and property will not be tolerated. We are thankful for the quick and brave action by the Tacoma Police Department, which prevented innocent lives from being endangered.&#8221; The company said the Tacoma detention center has air conditioning and other modern amenities, recreational activities, a bed for every detainee and medical care available at all hours.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Police said they were at the scene investigating throughout the day Saturday. &#8220;The facility has been operating normally with detainees able to move about inside the building,&#8221; Tacoma Police said.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr class=&#034;spip&#034; /&gt;&lt;iframe width=&#034;640&#034; height=&#034;420&#034; src=&#034;https://www.youtube.com/embed/7K9o7HhOVUY&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; allow=&#034;accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&#034; allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source et suite &lt;/strong&gt; : &lt;a href=&#034;https://heavy.com/news/2019/07/willem-van-spronsen-emma-durutti/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://heavy.com/news/2019/07/willem-van-spronsen-emma-durutti/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Disparition de Dennis Banks, fondateur de l'American Indian Movement</title>
		<link>https://autrefutur.net/?Disparition-de-Dennis-Banks-fondateur-de-l-American-Indian-Movement</link>
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		<dc:date>2017-11-07T20:56:54Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Contribution</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Culture</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Am&#233;riques</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;La presse fran&#231;aise s'est compl&#233;tement abstenue du moindre commentaire sur la disparition de Dennis Banks : l'histoire en s&#233;rieuse perte de perspective. Suite &#224; notre article du 2 novembre , Fran&#231;ois Ren&#233; Simon nous a adress&#233; ce texte de Roger Renaud. La photographie de Milo Yellow Hair (de dos), Russell Means et Dennis Banks est de Guy Le Querrec lors d'une rencontre &#224; Kili Radio sur la r&#233;serve de Pine Ridge o&#249; nous &#233;tions aussi invit&#233;s le 26 d&#233;cembre 1990 lors du Big Foot Trail. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Comme en (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH142/arton961-c462a.jpg?1725756424' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='142' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/par421412.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH334/par421412-86270.jpg?1726006020' width='500' height='334' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La presse fran&#231;aise s'est compl&#233;tement abstenue du moindre commentaire sur la disparition de Dennis Banks : l'histoire en s&#233;rieuse perte de perspective. Suite &#224; notre article du 2 novembre&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir site nato-glob :&#034; id=&#034;nh1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, Fran&#231;ois Ren&#233; Simon nous a adress&#233; ce texte de Roger Renaud. La photographie de Milo Yellow Hair (de dos), Russell Means et Dennis Banks est de Guy Le Querrec lors d'une rencontre &#224; Kili Radio sur la r&#233;serve de Pine Ridge o&#249; nous &#233;tions aussi invit&#233;s le 26 d&#233;cembre 1990 lors du Big Foot Trail.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comme en ce moment, encore plus que de coutume, je me tiens peu au courant de&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#034;l'actualit&#233;&#034;, c'est seulement &#224; l'instant que je viens d'apprendre, par l'interm&#233;diaire d'un ami, le d&#233;c&#232;s survenu il y a quelques jours de Dennis Banks, l'un des fondateurs de l'American Indian Movement et, sur un plan purement personnel, l'une des tr&#232;s belles rencontres de ma vie. Il n'est pas dans la tradition indienne nord-am&#233;ricaine de c&#233;l&#233;brer les morts et de se retourner sur eux. La mort en m&#234;me temps qu'une fin est consid&#233;r&#233;e comme un don ; c'est une vie qui, en m&#234;me temps, s'&#233;teint et se multiplie, qui, en l'occurrence, d'une naissance &#224; un d&#233;c&#232;s, s'efface comme &#233;v&#232;nements mais se multiplie comme parole.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dennis appartint &#224; cette g&#233;n&#233;ration exceptionnelle (Leonard Crow Dog, Russell Means, John Trudell, Clyde et Vernon Bellecourt, etc. et derri&#232;re, invisibles au monde m&#233;diatique euroam&#233;ricain, mais essentiellement pr&#233;sentes et devant, au premier rang de l'essentiel, d'un point de vue indien : tant de femmes) qui fonda &#224; la fin des ann&#233;es 1960 et fit entendre au d&#233;but des ann&#233;es 1970 l'American Indian Movement. G&#233;n&#233;ration exceptionnelle, non certes par simples m&#233;rites personnels, mais par conjoncture historique : ils avaient grandi dans une r&#233;sistance indienne, qui, contrairement &#224; ce qu'on imagine souvent, n'avait &#224; aucun moment baiss&#233; pavillon mais qui, par la force des choses et parce qu'elle n'avait ni les moyens ni le savoir de se faire entendre au-dehors, &#233;tait tout int&#233;rieure : ils ont rong&#233; le monde tout autour de nous ; ils ne le rongeront pas du moins au-dedans de nous. Mais ils avaient aussi, de diverses fa&#231;ons, appris &#224; grandir au sein du monde euroam&#233;ricain, dans ses &#233;coles, dans ses villes, dans ses arm&#233;es, dans ses prisons. Ils en parlaient la langue et ils savaient comment y agir. Ce qu'ils firent avec &#233;clat. Ils purent et surent exprimer combativement dans l'insupportable pr&#233;sent model&#233; par le monde qui avait supplant&#233; les leurs ce qui de ces derniers s'&#233;tait maintenu dans un exil du temps. Ils contribu&#232;rent &#224; remettre dans le courant de l'histoire une indianit&#233; qu'on avait tellement voulu rendre muette qu'elle avait pris l'habitude de se taire, au point qu'on avait pu la croire effectivement muette, alors qu'elle n'&#233;tait que silencieuse, pr&#233;f&#233;rant plut&#244;t que de parler en vain &#224; des sourds ne parler qu'&#224; elle-m&#234;me, aux vents et au fant&#244;me bien vivant de l'Aigle-Tonnerre. Et non pas pour se laisser emporter par ce courant de l'histoire et se m&#234;ler &#224; tous les naufrages et vocif&#233;rations qu'il charrie, mais pour le d&#233;tourner, pour le chevaucher, pour le conduire, in the Indian way, non comme animal chose qu'on croit diriger o&#249; l'on veut, mais comme animal alli&#233; avec lequel s'invente un trajet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dennis fut de ceux-l&#224; : aux c&#244;t&#233;s de Russel Means,retournant violemment, comme la lame d'un couteau qu'on d&#233;plie, toutes les blessures de l'histoire pour s'en faire non pas une plainte, certes, mais une arme,Dennis &#233;tait plut&#244;t, dans le m&#234;me engagement, une sorte d'&#233;l&#233;gance lucide : vous ne m'avez pas touch&#233;, je me tiens l&#224; o&#249; vous ne m'avez pas touch&#233;, c'est mon arme (et les deux armes, celle de Russell et celle de Dennis sont bien s&#251;r compl&#233;mentaires).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Et tel &#233;tait encore Dennis la derni&#232;re fois que je le vis, non pas en chair et en os mais sur une vid&#233;o tourn&#233;e il y a deux ans par un ami avec Edith Patrouilleau servant d'interpr&#232;te. Octog&#233;naire, militant autant qu'il y a 40 ans, n'ayant pas d'un dixi&#232;me de degr&#233; baiss&#233; la garde, pour autant pas donneur de le&#231;ons comme trop d'Indiens occidentalis&#233;s d'aujourd'hui, mais toujours insoumis, tellement insoumis qu'il n'avait aucunement besoin de le d&#233;montrer, plut&#244;t l'humour, plut&#244;t le bonheur de vivre. On ne c&#232;de rien, cela va tellement de soi. Mais on ne c&#232;de pas non plus le bonheur de vivre (fier) &#224; la n&#233;cessit&#233; d'avoir &#224; combattre pour lui.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pas de photo, donc, et pas de regrets. &#034;Today is a good day to live and we'll try tomorrow should be another good day also.&#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Roger Renaud&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr class=&#034;spip&#034; /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Photographie : &#169; Guy Le Querrec/Magnum &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Remerciements &#224; Fran&#231;ois-Ren&#233; Simon&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr class=&#034;spip&#034; /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Source : site &lt;a href=&#034;http://nato-glob.blogspot.fr&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://nato-glob.blogspot.fr&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Voir site nato-glob : &lt;a href=&#034;http://nato-glob.blogspot.fr/2017/11/dennis-banks.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://nato-glob.blogspot.fr/2017/11/dennis-banks.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Lire &#034;Entre les Saints des Saints&#034; de Ren&#233; Philoct&#232;te</title>
		<link>https://autrefutur.net/?Lire-Entre-les-Saints-des-Saints-de-Rene-Philoctete</link>
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		<dc:date>2017-06-26T07:55:20Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Contribution</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Culture</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Am&#233;riques</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Loin des clich&#233;s inanim&#233;s et anonymes &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le roman in&#233;dit de Ren&#233; Philoct&#232;te expose un Port-au-Prince de l'apr&#232;s dictature et de la mont&#233;e au pouvoir d'Aristide : le Port-au-Prince des mis&#233;reux, des culs-de-jatte, des aveugles qui habitent sur le parvis des &#233;glises ; le Port-au-Prince de la Saline et des enfants qui s'aiment derri&#232;re les piles de fatras ; le Port-au-Prince tenu par les hommes du G&#233;n&#233;ral et celui de l'ascension du pr&#234;tre et futur pr&#233;sident. Si Jacques Roumain d&#233;peint la mis&#232;re (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L107xH150/arton929-d8979.jpg?1726006020' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='107' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Loin des clich&#233;s inanim&#233;s et anonymes&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le roman in&#233;dit de Ren&#233; Philoct&#232;te expose un Port-au-Prince de l'apr&#232;s dictature et de la mont&#233;e au pouvoir d'Aristide : le Port-au-Prince des mis&#233;reux, des culs-de-jatte, des aveugles qui habitent sur le parvis des &#233;glises ; le Port-au-Prince de la Saline et des enfants qui s'aiment derri&#232;re les piles de fatras ; le Port-au-Prince tenu par les hommes du G&#233;n&#233;ral et celui de l'ascension du pr&#234;tre et futur pr&#233;sident. Si Jacques Roumain&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Jacques Roumain 1907 - 1944. &#201;crivain et homme politique, fondateur du Parti (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; d&#233;peint la mis&#232;re de Fonds-Rouge, c'est &#224; celle des grandes villes que s'attaque Philoct&#232;te, la mis&#232;re &#8220;qui encrapule, rapetisse, abrutit&#8221;. Roman t&#233;m&#233;raire qui a r&#233;ussi son pari de montrer des sentiments humains admirables chez des &#234;tres que la soci&#233;t&#233; n'associe pas &#224; ce qui est beau et grand.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Habile m&#233;lange de voix dans une langue po&#233;tique, ironique, grave et tendre par moments. Philoct&#232;te a su recr&#233;er avec courage et honn&#234;tet&#233; le monde des indigents et des petits marchands. Il prend le lecteur par la main et le conduit &#224; la rencontre de ces femmes, hommes, enfants, qui vivent et meurent dans la rue, sous les arcades, sur le parvis des &#233;glises. Images dures, poignantes et tendres, tr&#232;s &#233;loign&#233;es des clich&#233;s inanim&#233;s et anonymes que nous offrent les associations ou organisations qui s'attaquent au probl&#232;me des enfants des rues. Un roman palpitant de vie, bouillonnant de vies &#224; d&#233;couvrir. Une fois de plus, le po&#232;te, romancier de la grande moisson humaine, a des choses &#224; nous dire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Ren&#233; Philoct&#232;te&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Po&#232;te, romancier, dramaturge, Ren&#233; Philoct&#232;te est n&#233; &#224; J&#233;r&#233;mie en 1933 et d&#233;c&#233;d&#233; &#224; Port-au-Prince en 1995. Il est l'une des figures les plus importantes de la litt&#233;rature ha&#239;tienne du XXe si&#232;cle. &lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;Il est l'un des membres fondateurs du mouvement Ha&#239;ti Litt&#233;raire du d&#233;but des ann&#233;es 1960 avec, entres autres, Anthony Phelps. &#192; la m&#234;me &#233;poque, il se met &#224; &#233;crire des pi&#232;ces de th&#233;&#226;tre, jou&#233;es &#224; Port-au-Prince, puis choisit d'&#233;crire des romans apr&#232;s les ann&#233;es 1980. Il publie en m&#234;me temps ses po&#232;mes dans la revue Conjonction et Le Nouvelliste. &#192; la chute des Duvalier, sa po&#233;sie devient plus politique, et d&#233;nonce la politique de l'&#233;poque dans une chronique du Nouvelliste. Il a publi&#233; en Ha&#239;ti plusieurs recueils de po&#233;sie dont : Saison des hommes (1960), Les tambours du soleil (1962), Et C&#230;tera (1974), Ces &#238;les qui marchent (1969), Herbes folles (1982) et trois romans : Le huiti&#232;me jour (1973), Le peuple des terres m&#234;l&#233;es (1989) et Une saison de cigales (1993). &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Peu connu en France, c'est Lyonel Trouillot&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Lyonel Trouillot d&#233;cembre 1956-. Romancier et po&#232;te ha&#239;tien d'expressions (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; qui a rassembl&#233; quelques uns de ses textes, publi&#233;s chez Actes Sud en 2003, Anthologie po&#233;tique. Son dernier roman, Entre les saints des saints &#233;tait jusque-l&#224; in&#233;dit est publi&#233; aux &#233;ditions &#034;Temps Des Cerises&#034;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evelyne Trouillot&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Jacques Roumain 1907 - 1944. &#201;crivain et homme politique, fondateur du Parti communiste ha&#239;tien. Bien que sa vie fut courte, Jacques Roumain, le po&#232;te, a une influence consid&#233;rable sur la culture ha&#239;tienne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Lyonel Trouillot d&#233;cembre 1956-. Romancier et po&#232;te ha&#239;tien d'expressions cr&#233;ole et fran&#231;aise. Il est &#233;galement journaliste et professeur de litt&#233;ratures fran&#231;aise et cr&#233;ole &#224; Port-au-Prince.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Lutte des lakotas de la r&#233;serve de Standing Rock</title>
		<link>https://autrefutur.net/?Lutte-des-lakotas-de-la-reserve-de-Standing-Rock</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://autrefutur.net/?Lutte-des-lakotas-de-la-reserve-de-Standing-Rock</guid>
		<dc:date>2016-09-08T12:19:57Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Contribution</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Solidarit&#233;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Culture</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Am&#233;riques</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;La presse fran&#231;aise n'en parle pas (encore), mais il s'agit d'une lutte extr&#234;mement importante men&#233;e par les Lakotas [1] de la r&#233;serve de Standing Rock. En plus d'&#234;tre un combat essentiel pour l'eau, il s'agit &#233;galement d'un r&#233;veil de la conscience indienne aux USA. Cet &#233;v&#232;nement unifie autant sinon plus de tribus que Little Big Horn en 1876 ou l'&#233;veil de l'AIM dans les ann&#233;es 1970 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#8211; Plus d'infos sur Democracy now :&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://autrefutur.net/?-Solidarite-78-" rel="directory"&gt;Solidarit&#233;&lt;/a&gt;

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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH113/arton889-ba23b.jpg?1725855578' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='113' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;La presse fran&#231;aise n'en parle pas (encore), mais il s'agit d'une lutte extr&#234;mement importante men&#233;e par les &lt;strong&gt;Lakotas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Les Lakotas (ou Lakhota ou, mieux : Lak'ota), sont une tribu native (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; de la r&#233;serve de Standing Rock. En plus d'&#234;tre un combat essentiel pour l'eau, il s'agit &#233;galement d'un r&#233;veil de la conscience indienne aux USA.&lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;Cet &#233;v&#232;nement unifie autant sinon plus de tribus que Little Big Horn en 1876 ou l'&#233;veil de l'AIM dans les ann&#233;es 1970&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr class=&#034;spip&#034; /&gt;&lt;iframe width=&#034;635&#034; height=&#034;340&#034; src=&#034;https://www.youtube.com/embed/kuZcx2zEo4k&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;hr class=&#034;spip&#034; /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Plus d'infos sur &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.democracynow.org/2016/9/4/dakota_access_pipeline_company_attacks_native&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Democracy now&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Les Lakotas (ou Lakhota ou, mieux : Lak'ota), sont une tribu native am&#233;ricaine mieux connue en fran&#231;ais sous le nom de Sioux. Ils forment un groupe de sept tribus (&#034;la Grande Nation Sioux&#034;).&lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;Les Lakotas vivent dans le Dakota du Nord et le Dakota du Sud (&#201;tats-Unis). Les sept branches lakotas sont : Brul&#233;, Oglala, Sans Arcs, Hunkpapa, Mnikowoju, Siksika (Pieds-Noirs et Chaudi&#232;re)&lt;/p&gt;
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>North-East of the US : class struggle unionism and social issues</title>
		<link>https://autrefutur.net/?North-East-of-the-US-class-struggle-unionism-and-social-issues</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://autrefutur.net/?North-East-of-the-US-class-struggle-unionism-and-social-issues</guid>
		<dc:date>2016-06-10T13:25:28Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Fabien D</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>R&#233;flexions</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Am&#233;riques</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Social</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;From Baltimore and Philadelphia to New York and Boston, we've met a lot of activists who have given testimony of the existence of active social movements in the US since the beginning of the decade (like Black Lives Matter or Occupy). These movements are often concerned about direct democracy, grass-root level actions and are suspicious towards political exploitation. This article presents, this time, the current situation of American unionism and its history and provides an overview of (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://autrefutur.net/?+-Social-+" rel="tag"&gt;Social&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH109/arton879-ae8e4.jpg?1725748954' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='109' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; From Baltimore and Philadelphia to New York and Boston, we've met a lot of activists who have given testimony of the existence of active social movements in the US since the beginning of the decade (like &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.autrefutur.net/Baltimore-and-Black-Lives-Matter-movement&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Black Lives Matter&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.autrefutur.net/A-Return-to-Occupy-Wall-Street-what-lessons-can-we-learn&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Occupy&lt;/a&gt;). These movements are often concerned about direct democracy, grass-root level actions and are suspicious towards political exploitation. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; This article presents, this time, the current situation of American unionism and its history and provides an overview of the activities of the revolutionary syndicalists of the Industrial Workers of the World. These interviews also lead to present social issues that American workers generally deal with such as the weakness of social rights, an unfavorable context for class struggle unionism, inequality, racism and police violence or gentrification related to housing issues.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You are unionists and syndicalists in New York City in &#8220;mainstream unions.&#8221; What are the main unions in the United States ? What is their history and what do you think about them ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Andrew O'Rourke&lt;/strong&gt; : There are two main labour federations. The AFL-CIO and Change to Win Federation. Change to Win is the newest Federation, it emerged in the mid-2000s. But its power and popularity are decreasing as a lot of unions are going back to AFL-CIAO which has been traditionally the most conservative federation in the United States. It came about in the 1940's-50's as a merger between the AFL, which is the old, very conservative trade-unionist organisation in the USA- it has been around since the late 1800's- and the more radical industrial unionists of CIO which came out in the 1930s. So the two organisations combined and the AFL was the more dynamic of the two. So it has been a very conservative federation since that time. Some communists and radicals were purged during the red scare.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brian Rosenthal &lt;/strong&gt; : Change to Win (CTW) is just as conservative as the AFL-CIO in the sense that its member unions are no more left wing, rank and file run, or willing to engage in direct action class confrontation, however, it does focus more on trying to organize unions industrially rather than based on narrow craft or trade. For example, the SEIU, the largest union within CTW, organizes massive locals that are less geographically or job specific as AFL unions, and are instead focused on including as many different types of workers within one given industry. One SEIU local, 32BJ, has more than 150,000 members located across the east coast of the United States from multiple types of jobs within the Property Service industry, including cleaners, porters, cafeteria workers, window washers, security guards, doormen, and maintenance workers. In a given office building in Manhattan, you might find the doormen, cleaners, porters, cafeteria workers, and delivery workers all belong to the same union. This clearly has opportunities for more militant action capable of shutting down vast sectors of the economy, however, the unions in CTW and SEIU specifically do not support rank and file control of the union or militant class confrontational tactics. There are very few opportunities for engaging members in direct struggle either during the bargaining process or in organizing capacities. There's especially very little presence of an anarchist, syndicalist, or anti-capitalist force within CTW unions, except for individual militants and revolutionaries working alone or perhaps as a part of a revolutionary organization. Despite a lack of tactics more familiar to syndicalist unions in Europe or South America, US unions in both CTW and the AFL-CIO are still viable venues to fight for improving the material situation of working-class people, and furthermore, it is absolutely worth attempting to push unions in a more syndicalist or class-struggle unionist direction, as many American revolutionaries are trying to do.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1281 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH333/fast_food_strikes-993d0.jpg?1725749144' width='500' height='333' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Recently, fast food organizing campaigns bringing up the demand of raising the minimum wage had an immediate impact on shifting the rhetoric of the Democratic Party primary candidates. SEIU, the biggest union in the country within CTW, is organizing fast food workers and try to push for a minimum wage of $15 an hour by organizing strikes and rallies. The cruel irony, however, is that the leadership of the union endorsed Hillary Clinton for president despite her being against a $15 minimum wage. Clearly there is a lot to be done within the union to facilitate rank and file control.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Andrew O'Rourke&lt;/strong&gt; : It also depends on geography. For example, in the south, where I was a radical involved in labour organising before coming in NYC, it's a very different atmosphere. The unions were closed due to a high level of corporate interest and a high level of reactionaries, racist close to the far-right. Any single progressive issue, work-place issue or environmental issue was impossible. But they still need radicals to organize people although there are not a lot of union jobs. In the north, the unions have enough power, density to stand by themselves, so you can see a bigger split between the interests of the union and the interests of the radicals.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; The legal framework in the united states makes it very difficult for minor unions or independent unions to exist. It's very rare. But we certainly need to build a social movement unionism although business unionism is now the influential model.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brian Rosenthal&lt;/strong&gt; : The unions have two types of bad images in the USA. You have the right-wing party one, considering the unions are just after money. But in the working class, you have the same idea, unions are just leadership, it's not us. &#171; The union isn't doing anything for us, the union is just taking my money... So we have to say that we should be the union, not the leadership. That's the problem we have to deal with. The other image is the politician right wing idea which defends capitalists and bourgeoisie dominance and is against any form of resistance. The major strategy, in the broader anticapitalist left, has been trying to push existing unions more to the left through taking leadership positions, which clearly doesn't go so far. Mainly you have to focus on political education and mobilizing the base. But the IWW do important work. In terms of capacity, they're very small nationally, but they have important campaigns.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As members of the IWW in Baltimore, can you present the union and your activities ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Isaac Dalto&lt;/strong&gt; : The IWW is a revolutionary labour union. We're an anti-capitalist, industrial union : our goal is to unite all wage workers in a single mass combat organization that will eventually take possession of the means of production, abolish the wage system, and live in harmony with the earth. We were constituted in 1905, but we were driven almost to extinction in the mid 20th century. The global justice movement, such as Seattle in 1999 and the following protests increased interest in our union, generated an influx of new members, and revived the IWW as a workplace organizing force. So we've existed in our current form for about 16 years.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
We try to build strong shop-floor organisations with direct action, capable of interrupting production. One of our slogans is that we organize the worker, not the job. That mean that when you join the IWW, you're a member for life, whatever shop you're in. This is important when you have precarious workers, migrant workers, etc. It's class unionism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1296 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/starbucks.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH337/starbucks-1983a.jpg?1725749144' width='500' height='337' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jacob &lt;/strong&gt; : I work in the food service industry in Baltimore. The IWW gave us lot of trainings, and helps us a lot at work. We want better pay, we want to be treated with more respect and dignity, like all the organisational things, so just like basic things which can be easily addressed and helped with the union. The difficulties in organizing fast food workers are, I guess, scheduling, getting people together, turn-over, so like people are constantly leaving and there are new faces that you have to get interested.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Isaac Dalto&lt;/strong&gt; : In Baltimore, in food service, we had many members working at Jimmy John's restaurants in 2014. I was one of them. Conditions there were awful. We made minimum wage. We were not allowed to call out sick without finding our own replacement. We had unreliable schedules and would sometimes be sent home after 2 or 3 hours of work. Bicycle delivery drivers were responsible for paying for our own repairs, and expected to work in hazardous conditions like snowstorms. Once, they asked me to work when I had pinkeye. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;After we &#8220;went public&#8221; and announced ourselves as a union, the company fired people, slashed our members' hours, threatened and intimidated workers in private meetings, and stapled anti-union propaganda to everybody's paycheck. We responded by organizing three one-day strikes by delivery drivers, charging Jimmy John's with legal procedures through the NLRB, and picketing the biggest store in the franchise every time they fired someone.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1297 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH375/jimmy_strike-7d694.jpg?1725749144' width='500' height='375' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We also held &#8220;tip cups&#8221; actions on the company's busiest days. One issue we agitated around constantly was that, according to corporate policy, sandwich makers are not allowed to have a tip jar. So on the busiest days of the year, when big crowds were drawn to the store from the nearby Convention Center, we would have IWW members standing outside passing out plastic cups with &#8220;TIPS&#8221; written on them. Each cup had a leaflet in it about how little Jimmy John's workers get paid (at the time, it was $7.25 per hour). Customers would leave tips on the counter, and managers would run around like crazy trying to take away the cups and steal the money, just to enforce the no-tips policy. The sandwich line became a chaotic free-for-all, with workers scrambling to grab tip money before their managers could snatch it away. Eventually, the managers just gave up. Our goal was to put Jimmy John's in a no-win situation : either they allowed us to break the rules and collect tips, or they enforced the rules and visibly stole money from low-wage workers, agitating people and stirring up resentment. And they did both.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Unfortunately, by Spring 2015, our shop committees had fallen apart, thanks to a combinations of firings, slashed hours, and simple turnover. We still have members working at Jimmy John's, and we're in the process of rebuilding those shop committees, as well as organizing in other fast food restaurants. We had a lot of publicity from that Jimmy John's campaign, and it brought a lot of new young labour activists, socialists, and anarchists into our union. In Baltimore, we do organize mainly young and precarious workers. We have a couple of people who are in their 40's or 50's, but most of our members are in their 20's or early 30's, precariously employed in one way or another. In addition to the food service organizing committee, we also have a high school teachers organizing committee.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
There's also Red Emma's, a radical bookstore and coffeeshop. It's an IWW job-shop, collectively operated and owned by the 20 people who work there, and run democratically. It's a great example of self-management in practice. We also have an IWW cooperatively-owned bicycle shop called Baltimore Bicycle Works (BBW). Most of our funding for our campaigns comes from the dues that Red Emma's and BBW pay, and we're very grateful. When I was younger, Red Emma's was also responsible for my early political education, thanks to their bookstore and political discussions I had with activists there.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1298 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH185/red_emma-2-faf03.jpg?1725749144' width='500' height='185' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pasha, you're the secretary of the IWW General Membership Branch in NYC. Can you explain the legal system of unions in the US ? How do the IWW deal with this system ? Is this an obstacle ? Do you manage to use it ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pasha&lt;/strong&gt; : The labor law and the way unions are forced to operate sometimes makes it hard to organize. It requires a unique union in the workplace. The biggest unions are business unions, they're middle men between the workers and the boss, they negotiate everything behind closed doors and workers have nothing to say, etc. Big unions usually do donations to presidential campaigns, usually for the democratic party. There are a lot of business unions that are genuine in their belief that they're doing the right thing but sometimes they just want cynically have more members to have more dues so they can have more financial power. It's the measure of success, but some of the workers don't even know they are in the union. The union has been elected some years ago and they signed the contract but...&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
IWW don't sign contracts. It's like a business contract, with what we get, what we're supposed to do, what we're not supposed to do, etc. Usually, the boss puts a no-strike clause. In the short term, they win benefits, but in long term, they totally destroy the power of the unions. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
We try to be in the workplace and it's difficult but people in the United States think of unions as bureaucracy. We have to explain that workers will negotiate with the boss without the middle-man, with direct actions, and ultimately strikes... It starts with delivering demands, marches to the boss... but most of the unions rarely go to that stage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1292 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L480xH375/organize_iww-c10b6.jpg?1725749144' width='480' height='375' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nationally, the unions are usually left but they do not want to be associated with the more radical left. They are cautious, unwilling to experiment on certain class issues. But you can have local dissidents. Some local unions do stuff which pisses off the national organisation. For example, Teamsters unions are very ossified at national level, but they do amazing things in NYC. Some of our members are dual carders, which means they belong to the IWW and another union at the same time. That depend of the situation in the workplace.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the IWW's activities in New York City ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pasha&lt;/strong&gt; : I think that NYC has the highest union density in the United States. There's a lot of labour organising going on, especially in service industry. Wage-theft is a routine procedure. One of our main organizing campaigns concerns food processing and distribution. It concerns usually recent immigrants from Latin America. They get a job and then they are exploited, people threaten them, you know, sometimes because they are illegal, or something like that... Not all of them are illegal but the mistreatment happens no matter what. So wage-theft, brutal bosses... Starbucks campaign some years ago, was a national IWW campaign but it began in NYC. Food production and distribution have been targeted for at least 8 years. It has been a primary target because it's a messy situation. Now we have a presence in two factories. They produce bread, and there is a strong IWW presence. Workers won in one of those bakeries wages increases and better treatment from the boss. In the other bakery, they already won better treatment and monthly meetings with the boss directly. They can negotiate without a boss union, there's no contract.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1299 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L300xH167/dario_presentation_to_manager_at_going_public_action-2-50a64.jpg?1725749144' width='300' height='167' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Besides food production/distribution our other campaigns in NYC now are, first, Beverage Plus, a defensive fight over the money some of our members are owed after they won in court. And Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee (IWOC) : There has been a lot of interest and movement towards organizing workers inside the prison system.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More generally, can you present the main social issues that you deal with in this city ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pasha &lt;/strong&gt; : There are a lot of issues with housing, the rent is more and more expensive. A lot of people are pushed out from Manhattan for example There's a movement that fights for housing rights, tenant rights ; that's pretty interesting. There's always huge waves of new comrades coming to the city, you know it's a big city, with students etc. It also drives gentrification because they don't know anybody here and people can be exploited, giving them high rent. So they say it's expensive here but at the same time they're driving out the city people who lived here for generations, you know... So gentrification, basically, is one of our social issues. There are still working-class or poor neighborhoods but it's shifting around. There are some for example even in Manhattan, in northern Manhattan, it has an history of activism and rent strikes, etc.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Police brutality is also an issue. The NYPD is notoriously racist, corrupt and violent. Recently a protest happened. An African-American man was choked to death by the NYPD on camera in Staten Island. After that, there were several months of weekly protests and marches, like blocking off bridges and stuff like that. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The Black Lives Matter movement is one of the most interesting movements in recent months. Smaller things happened also after Occupy was destroyed, projects, groups doing good work.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jason, can you describe the social situation in Boston for people who don't know a lot about it , and your activities there ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jason Freedman&lt;/strong&gt; : Boston is a predominantly white city, extremely dominated by educational institutions and healthcare institutions ; we have a lot of hospitals here. You have Harvard and MIT, but also very working class schools such as Wentworth or UMass Boston. I think the social issues here mainly concern racism, police and gentrification. It's a lower crime city. The business unions are kind of strong in Boston. It is considered a very liberal city. It tends to vote &#034;Democrat&#034; in the elections and the business unions tend to support the Democracy Party.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
There has been a resurgence of rank-and-file organizing, the Wobblies being part of that, also small elements of the AFL-CIO, elements of Unite-Here have gotten more militant. When Occupy was going on, some unions were supportive, like the teachers union and also the nurses union.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The IWW regionally are involved in several campaigns, organizing food stuff workers, education workers and workers at Harvard university.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can you be more specific concerning your activities in Harvard University ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Geoffrey C.&lt;/strong&gt; : Harvard is one of the largest employers in Massachusetts, so there's thousands and thousands of people who work here. Discrimination is a huge issue in Harvard. Since I've been a union rep, I've seen so many examples of racial discrimination, gender discrimination, discrimination on the basis of disability, discrimination on the basis of national origin... In other places I've worked in, people were really worried about discrimination claims, but here at Harvard it seems like management really doesn't care.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
So, we're involved in anti-discrimination work, particularly on campus we've been holding actions to complain about racism and other forms of discrimination. For example, we're doing actions, pickets to call attention to dining service workers issues and also security guards issues because some of them have actually joined the IWW. For example, they 're trying to push out someone who came back from disability leave, they always talk to her about her bad work...and they want to fire another person who has been told by his boss that his English was not good enough for a job that he has done for 9 or 10 years...&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;I think the image of the union is one of a fighting union, a fighting democratic grassroots organization. More generally, the union appears more and more as a class-struggle union in the country and that's why also people have joined too. The people we have reached include scores and scores of clerical workers, custodial workers, dining service workers and students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genevi&#232;ve L.&lt;/strong&gt; : We're regularly picketing in Harvard square. We've got coverage in school newspapers when we do that. We also collaborate with the students, they obviously can do things that we can't. They occupied buildings here multiple times. There are also various sit-ins.. Sometimes we have like public meetings or things like that. About discrimination, contract issues...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Geoffrey C.&lt;/strong&gt; : Recently, layoffs have been huge. In all unions, there have been waves of layoffs, in 2004, 2009. We've lost a part of our membership because of layoffs, early retirements, etc. Our union leadership didn't do anything about it, hundreds of jobs were gone and they did nothing about it... So we did our own campaign and created our own actions, with students as Genevieve mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genevi&#232;ve L.&lt;/strong&gt; : Sometimes, there's a couple of workers in the pickets, and sometimes a lot of Wobblies and local left come up, and there are dozens and dozens of people ... There was a living wage campaign recently and there were several hundred people every day or weeks.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;	Harvard did many terrible things concerning class struggle in history. The Bread and Roses strike, which was a strike of mainly women, in 1912 in the North, like the towns in North Boston and Northern Massachusetts. There were young women, textile workers, like immigrants from all over the world. So they were on strike and Harvard University gave course credits to students and urged them to defend their class by going to serve as strikebreakers. And, of course, the students, at the time, were all men and strikers were only women. And they were sent there by the university to break the strike. But the strike was ultimately one of the most important and successful in history. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Harvard did many other terrible things. There's a film about how Harvard, even in its institutional core, departments are about imperialism. Some of them were founded in the 60's and were barely separated from CIA. So there are international areas studies programs that have always operated as oppressive military industrial tanks or informal conferences...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;John and Nathaniel, as members of IWW in Philadelphia, can you describe the main social issues and activist movements in this city ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nathaniel Miller&lt;/strong&gt; : Philadelphia is a very historic city, it was once the capital, but also one of the largest cities in the USA (the 5th). For a long time, it was a very industrial city, there were a lot of factories here, a large shipping industry, it's still a major port city but it used to be much more significant.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/iww_transport.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH358/iww_transport-e34a0.jpg?1725749144' width='500' height='358' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;You had lot of people from different ethnic groups coming here. Also, there has always been a large black population. In Pennsylvania the Quakers, a Christian domination, were very involved in the movement for the abolition of slavery. So after the end of slavery many people came for jobs and to escape the Ku Klux Klan and racial violence they had to face in the South. Now it's a majority black city, very working class, one of the poorest in the United States. Industries, factories have left the cities. It's a working class history, but there's a long history of &#8220;racial tensions&#8221; within the city, hitting different sectors of the working class against each other, particularly the Irish and the Italians against blacks in the 19th century, and now with the new wave of immigrants, against Mexicans.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The Philadelphia police are notoriously racist. A good example of that is the MOVE organization in the 70's and 80's, a mostly black, kind of religion/social justice group. The police nearly sieged their house one year and finally stormed it in 1978. In 1985 they had another house in West Philadelphia, where the police used a bomb, burning the building, actually the entire city block, and killed the people (5 adults 6 children). No one was held accountable for that. That's only one example. Philadelphia is also where Mumia Abu Jamal is from. He 's a prisoner, a radical journalist convicted for killing a cop, despite enormous evidence pointing to his innocence (there's a street in the Paris suburb St. Denis named after him).&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH375/police_violence-8fbf5.jpg?1725749144' width='500' height='375' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;There's still a dense union presence relative to the USA, although a lot of the unions here, we call them the building trades, are fairly corrupted and not interested so much in organizing workers.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
There are movements now in the city like the Black Lives Matter movement which grew out of the Ferguson protests. It's not new but it takes more public attention today. Cops can really kill without serious consequences and there's now an attention in the mainstream, thanks to these mobilizations. Organizing happens in neighborhoods, churches. Historically, within the black community, churches have been extremely powerful institutions, both from social connectivity, also progressive movements within the black community (ex : Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.). There are a lot of organizing, demonstrations with thousands and thousands of people.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;John Kalwaic&lt;/strong&gt; : Today people work in fast food, retail... One of the biggest employers is the University of Pennsylvania. Philly is partly a college town. There are a lot of differences between middle class folks, coming from the suburbs who move here, and African Americans, and others who have lived here for a longer time.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
There's also security guards, employed by colleges and other places that use a lot of security guards.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nathaniel Miller&lt;/strong&gt; : there's very high unemployment, very high poverty within the city because industrial jobs left the city 25-30 years ago. Many jobs are in the service industry and because of the precarious nature of the jobs, Philadelphia is extremely poor compared to the rest of the state of Pennsylvania. The rest of the state has also more public resources.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH288/philly-0f3aa.jpg?1725749144' width='500' height='288' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;Two generations ago, people with money, particularly white people, left the city for the suburbs. So they took their tax money out of the city, which was for example used for schools. So Philadelphia closed many schools. The city is notoriously corrupt, there's less money and the money is poorly spent. Now the city is trying to make wealthier people move back from the suburbs to bring more tax money back in the city. So now over the past 20 years, wealthier people are moving back into the city but the result is that people who were living in the neighborhoods, mostly working class, black, are getting pushed out of the neighborhoods they were living in the past couple of generations, being replaced by mostly white more affluent people, because property values go up. So there's a larger police presence, to protect the wealth and capital in the city. Young black men are particularly targeted, there are curfew laws in my neighborhood for example.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;John Kalwaic&lt;/strong&gt; : Concerning history, there was an anarchist movement in the past with Italian and Jewish immigrants, there's a long history of the Black Power movement in the 60's and 70's.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
In the IWW you had a multiracial, one of the first multiracial, unions in Philadelphia. In the 1910's and 1920's, they organized immigrants, African-American, people of color, etc. They were in transportation, particularly along the waterfront. One of their leaders was Ben Fletcher, he was African American. And in those times, the Ku Klux Klan was everywhere, it was a very racist time. And the IWW managed to organize them together, at least for a while. It controlled the docks.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L280xH367/ben_fletcher-2ae56.jpg?1725749144' width='280' height='367' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nathaniel Miller&lt;/strong&gt; : IWW were an anticapitalist and multiracial union, one of the first in the United States. It's very significant in the American context.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do you think, more generally, that the social situation is getting worse now in the United States of America ? What are the main differences between Europe and USA concerning these issues ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nathaniel Miller&lt;/strong&gt; : I would say the social situation in Philadelphia, pretty much everywhere in America, is getting much worse. The differences, the wealth gap, the differences between the poor and the rich is getting greater and greater. The rich people, basically, are kind of building themselves into walled communities guarded by security guards and police. They're sort of leaving poor people to fend for themselves, basically, though the expanded police presence is felt in the poor communities, particularly black and brown communities (many working class whites tend to support the police by contrast).&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
A lot of things that Europeans don't understand or know about America, and that they take for granted in Europe, is that there's no real social safety net here. There's no health care to speak of, I mean Obamacare is crap. I guess it's slightly better than what was there before, which was nothing, but it's not very much better, there's tons of holes in it, people that don't have access... Other things, access to public housing, to food assistance, all these things , they don't really exist for most people in the United States, except those at the very bottom, and even for them there are numerous loopholes designed to exclude them&#8212; for example having a criminal conviction denies a person access to many of the meager social services available. So a poor American is basically one step away from disaster, one accident happens, he has to go to the emergency room, a family member gets sick, they lose their job because they're late to work 15 min, there's just no protection for them. One missed rent payment, they are on the street. So it creates this sense of precariousness that I don't think exists quite the same in Europe. There's that safety net, you don't necessary have this intense fear of be out on the street because you can't pay a medical bill, for example, or because you missed a rent payment. &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;So this creates this sense of desperation. And it also makes people, I think, less susceptible in a way, to unions campaign because they have genuine fear when workers organize about losing their jobs. In America, that means something very different. Because when you lose your job, that's it, there's nothing else, you could be on the street or in prison. Maybe it is for immigrants in Europe, that's a different situation, but for typical European nationals, they have access to more social benefits. That's a thing that doesn't really exist in the US, for the most part, at least.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;	&lt;strong&gt;Interviews by Fabien Delmotte&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>A Return to Occupy Wall Street : what lessons can we learn ?</title>
		<link>https://autrefutur.net/?A-Return-to-Occupy-Wall-Street-what-lessons-can-we-learn</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://autrefutur.net/?A-Return-to-Occupy-Wall-Street-what-lessons-can-we-learn</guid>
		<dc:date>2016-04-05T17:12:12Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Fabien D</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>R&#233;flexions</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Solidarit&#233;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Am&#233;riques</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;In 2011, the Occupy Wall Street movement spread in many towns in the United States and attracted media attention at an internaional level. In the context of our inquiry into social movements in the United States (which has already led us to present Black Lives Matter), it was interesting to meet some of the organizers of what is one of the most noticed social movements of these last years. These interviews therefore try to make a critical and constructive assessment of Occupy Wall Street, (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH107/arton867-c24a7.jpg?1725749145' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='107' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In 2011, the Occupy Wall Street movement spread in many towns in the United States and attracted media attention at an internaional level. In the context of our inquiry into social movements in the United States (which has already led us to present Black Lives Matter), it was interesting to meet some of the organizers of what is one of the most noticed social movements of these last years. These interviews therefore try to make a critical and constructive assessment of Occupy Wall Street, which can particulary arouse interest while a movement of occupation, comparable in certain respects, aims to spread in France in the context of the protests against the El Khomri Law.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes has recently directed the movie &lt;i&gt;All day all week : an occupy wall street story&lt;/i&gt; and is one of the initiators of the movement (see David Graeber, &lt;i&gt;The Democracy Project : A History, a Crisis, a Movement&lt;/i&gt;, Spiegel &amp; Grau,&#8206; 2013 ). Mark Bray was also particulary involved in New York and has since published &lt;i&gt;Translating Anarchy- The anarchism of Occupy Wall Street&lt;/i&gt; (Zero Books, 2013). Nathaniel Miller and Jason Freedman Were involved in Occupy in Philadelphia and Boston and show in this interview, through these examples, how the movement spread and developped in others American towns.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You were active in Occupy Wall Street some years ago. Do you still consider Occupy to be an important movement and why ? &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : I think that part of the importance of Occupy was the context in which it emerged which was relatively low in terms of radical political activity in the United States. I think it reignited a sense of possibility of popular social movements, popular social struggles, social transformation. All of these things which have been relatively dormant became more part of popular consciousness through Occupy and it had an influence on some social struggles which have come subsequently. And I think it has also been influential in terms of getting a new generation of radical youth involved in politics. These 2 examples show its relevance although it's not around anymore.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : There were various actions after Occupy... For example, Occupy Sandy was a response to the Hurricane Sandy, when it happened, there was a relief organization and network. There were assemblies, neighbourhood level work. There were projects on housing like Occupy Homes and also things which were not called Occupy but were related to take over, occupations... I really think that Occupy Wall Street was a kind of convergence at a lot of different emerging movements. They all have a common enemy. So people went back to organize in the different sectors they came from, back to the neighborhoods, back to the workplace, they went back to anti-police work, etc. But it's not like Occupy gave birth to all these things, people were already organizing in these areas but Occupy strengthened the networks, radicalized them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : In more general terms, even things like the fight for 15 campaign [15 dollars an hour for fast food workers], Occupy helped to bring a sense of activism to the labour movement to a higher degree than it had. So I don't think it's any coincidence that it happened just after or till the end of Occupy. Or even like the Fracking Resistance, environmental things, I think Occupy helped them a little bit. Black Lives Matter, of course, developed its specific issues, but still Occupy created further ground for protest, for being on the street, for having actions in different cities related to something going on somewhere else. It helped to create a climate that was one factor, even a minor factor, for these other things.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : Before Occupy, people got permits to do things, for rallies, marches... After Occupy, especially among young people, this is just not something people feel the need to do. I mean, certainly the established labor unions and other forces in the city get permits but not Black Lives Matter. There were thousands of people in the street on the bridges highways, we used mobile tactics and direct actions even without thinking about it. There was a new sense of normal for what was accepted tactically even though people may not have had the idea behind them. That's not an ideological position but people are more comfortable with militant actions.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/policebrooklyn-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH280/policebrooklyn-2-2a222.jpg?1725749145' width='500' height='280' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa, you were one of the first people involved in Occupy Wall Street and you have made a movie about the movement (All day all week : an occupy wall street story). How did the movement begin ? Mark, when did you decide to join the movement ? What was your main activity in Occupy Wall Street ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : It began at Bowling Green Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan on august 2nd. The group New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts had been part of the Bloombergville occupation organized that earlier in the summer...Basically, people came, didn't want to listen to the rally and were opposed to the way they were doing things. These people wanted to form an assembly, so they broke off and that became the New York City General Assembly. I joined this group. Every Saturday, for 6 weeks, we talked about an occupation, we learned to know each other and we drafted a statement that said we were horizontal, participatory, and autonomous.The intention was that the action was the process itself, it was prefigurative. You have to remember that this was in the context of global squares occupation, particularly 15M. Some people were really influenced by 15M, by process as a mode of action.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : Seeing the kind of increasing support it received in the society, from unions, from different segments of society, the popular interest in issues of police brutality, like the &#171; pepper spray incident &#187; in late September, I liked the atmosphere more and more. I decided to come regularly, the Brooklyn Bridge March made it even more interesting and I finally I thought there was something there and I wanted to support it. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
I was active with the Press working group and after, like a month, I joined also the direct action working group.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Homes&lt;/strong&gt; : It was everything I was doing at the time. It was like 24h, 7 days a week working on occupy !I stopped going to class, stopped working, I only did Occupy... I was just in the park all the time. I did also, media action planning, etc&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L400xH226/new-york-general-assembly-during-occupy-protests-in-zuccotti-park.-e1404487131435-2-496f9.jpg?1725749145' width='400' height='226' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark, you've written a book about Occupy called &lt;i&gt;Translating Anarchy : The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street&lt;/i&gt;. What do you mean by that ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : The reason I chose the title is that I argue that Occupy Wall Street succeeded in being both radical and relevant to the lives of working-people in New York because it managed to translate anarchist ideas and practices into language and way of organizing, making decisions and planning actions that people could engage with and find to be relevant to their situation and didn't turn people off with the ideological baggage of the radical banner of anarchism.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt; I did interviews with nearly 200 Occupy Wall Street organizers in New York, asking about their political perspective. 39% of the interviewed self-identified with the term &#171; anarchist &#187; and another 33% had politics that I would say very similar to if not identical to anarchism. So, there were about 72% of the organisers in New York having explicitly or implicitly anarchist politics. So despite what the media said, anarchism was the central ideology amongst the core people of Occupy Wall Street. But there was a difference between people involved in a daily basis in Occupy and people sometimes showing up, or casually participating to a march, in terms of perspective and politics. That's why the media saw Occupy as an essentially liberal mainstream movement, ignoring the radical impetus behind it.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L429xH284/occupy-atlanta-general-assembly1-2-5c781.jpg?1725749145' width='429' height='284' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nathaniel and Jason, you live in Boston and Philadelphia. What happened there concerning the Occupy movement ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jason Freedman&lt;/strong&gt; : When Occupy happened in the United-States, after the occupation in New York, Boston was one of the quickest to respond in an occupation. The occupation happened in front of the Federal receiver building(a Federal Bank). The square is called Dewey square. A lot of anarchists were involved from the very beginning. Some groups who were involved were Food not bombs, Anarchist Black cross, the Boston IWW and Common struggle (now part of Back rose Anarchist Federation). They were very involved in logistics, the food, etc. Occupy changed the political landscape in Boston, marching in the street became normalized, anarchist ideas became normalized, people were interested in anti-capitalist ideas but after a while, the capacity to keep the camp going was too much for a lot of the occupants. And the weather didn't help. There was talk about occupying a building but folks never got that serious about that. The idea of a building occupation definitely grew.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nathaniel Miller&lt;/strong&gt; : Like in hundred or maybe thousand of cities, there was an active Occupy movement in Philadelphia. Not as known and large as the one in New York but it was a large and organized, with a couple of thousands of people involved. It was not very sophisticated in its analysis but it helped to critic capitalism which usually in the US doesn't exist. The average american is still extremely pro capitalist in its analysis. So it helped a beginning of critic of capitalism. The legacy is mainly this critic.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There are sometimes some &#171; clich&#233;s &#187; concerning Occupy Wall Street. For example, there's this idea that it was just a kind of student movement or intellectual movement, not very linked to working class issues, etc. Do you think it's just a caricature or is there some truth in this presentation ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : I don't think that Occupy was academic intellectual, dominated by educated groups or class. That's not true. Obviously, there were people involved who had academic backgrounds, like David Graeber, Marina Sitrin. And if you're occupying a park, there are certain groups of people who are going to be able to be there on a constant basis... so you had a lot of students but also a lot of homeless, unemployed and who had a of of time...&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L400xH300/occupy-wall-street-sign-2-6826a.jpg?1725749145' width='400' height='300' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : It's indeed a bit a caricature. Thousands of people have participated across the country. It's certainly expand numerically beyond that kind of description. A lot of unions supported and some came out to it. At one point, I think opinion polls show that it was 50% (or maybe more) in New York City had a favorable impression of Occupy's message.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH333/march-2-aabb9.jpg?1725749145' width='500' height='333' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt; But I do think that, to some extent, Occupy failed to sufficiently ground itself in everyday struggles in many cases. It developed a bit of a gap between the average working-class persons and how they perceived Occupy to be as so far as... You know, when you came, I don't think there were enough links to improve this, more links would have been helpful. But that reflects on how we organize, how we set up to begin with and the composition of people who are in the park and who are participating in it. On the other hand, I do think that the radical left in the United-States tend to be relatively highly educated. You can't portray Occupy as just being that, but I think it has an influence on Occupy in some cities, like New York.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : That is true concerning the left in the US. But Occupy was much, much better than usual. Because of this tactic of occupation, it was open, actually. People who didn't have this radical background, didn't have the education, didn't have the ideological knowledge going in... People who were living on the street or travelling kids, etc were part of it. And that's not part of what I see now, actually. There's a more closed organizing environment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt; When I went back recently to Liberty Square to film my movie about Occupy Wall Street, I talked to one of the men who works for Brookfield property, a company who also manages the security of the park, as part of the privatization of the city. The man, the guy was like &#171; oh ya, Brookfield, they're ready for you guys &#187;, you know they still actually think that we'll come back (laughs). They just installed two new security cameras. And the guy was like &#171; you should come back, we will be paid overtime if you come back &#187; (laughs). And &#171; we are supporting you, actually &#187;. Because this was obviously related to workers, they aren't high up in Brookfield and he understood very well. You know, this guy actually worked for Brookfield... You know, the cause we're talking about the 99%, the 1%, is like wealth... So this guy tells me, you know, &#171; they take everything, they don't leave anything for the rest of us &#187;. I don't know, people understood at a very basic level that wealth needed to be redistributed, that they needed to take collective action. People did identify with what we were doing. They were the 99%.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH334/poor_rich_demo-2-f9d4d.jpg?1725749146' width='500' height='334' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : Many journalists said the message of Occupy was unclear. But I think people understood pretty clearly that this small percentage of people in this country had everything. That's very easy to understand, most people did understand. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; It was about class but the language that we used made people feel more comfortable for various reasons than the 19th century class language they were more familiar with. I think it's important to remember that in the context of the United States, the notion that there are social groups whose interests are opposed to those of others groups is a really radical notion. We've been trained to think that ultimately, if everyone really were smart, they would realize that all of our interests point in the same direction. So that a lot of people had the notion that's not the case, that we're actually involved in a struggle, that was very radical and transformative.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : Before 2008, before the economic crisis, you couldn't really talk about capitalism. But then, suddenly, even the mainstream media, and everybody was talking about capitalism. &#171; This is the end of capitalism &#187;, etc...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : And Occupy pushed that a lot....&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : And by 2011, with Occupy, you could talk about it even more in the mainstream discourse. I don't know, most people are capitalists, like in their actions. But they're probably more critical, now, I guess.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : Yes and I think the association people usually have is that capitalism will work with hard work and effort, and personal sacrifice and that's essentially the system best designed to give people what they deserve. So with the economic crisis, and in some way with the rhetoric of Occupy, we tried to emphasize that capitalist logic doesn't give people what they deserve. When you have bankers who destroy the economy getting rich, even though they don't really contribute to the economy and working people who did the right things you're supposed to do and are on the streets without houses and no jobs.... I think it helped to destroy people's notion of what capitalism is, in addition to the bail out, the financial institutions getting money from the government, to support them when they screwed up, while no people get bail out, so...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : But what do we mean by politics ? The mainstream media, the unions, the non-profit that came in, and they wanted to engage in politics which have to do with the government, and policy changes But we were engaged in everyday politics, self organizing our lives. That's actually what got missed from Occupy. Not just the ideas of anarchism but, you know, people were living in the park and they were self-organizing their lives with some energy, figuring out how to feed themselves, and house themselves. Even though it was a symbolic occupation, there were real material things happening there. That was what it was about : everyday politics, everyday revolution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1248 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/800px-day_43_occupy_wall_street_october_29_2011_shankbone_19-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH332/800px-day_43_occupy_wall_street_october_29_2011_shankbone_19-2-d710f.jpg?1725749146' width='500' height='332' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : That's a part of it, when liberal writers reflect on it, that they exclude from the story or simply describe it as just a counterculture attitude. I mean, I'm sympathetic to counter-culture stuff, I was into punk some years ago, but obviously, some people who are into it, if you try to organize with them, are not always so positive about being accessible and participating in groups that are accessible, so that people who are interested in it, there's a barrier for participation. (And that's sometimes a problem with anarchist groups and anarchist movements. )&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; However, I do think that the identity of the occupier became too static to the degree that a lot of working people felt that they might support Occupy but they won't themselves occupy, which was limiting the potential growth of what we were doing.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L253xH199/occupyevery-2-10812.jpg?1725749146' width='253' height='199' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In a constructive way, what can we learn from the limits of this experience ? More generally, if we don't want to focus only on the good aspects, what are the other constructive critiques you would raise today concerning Occupy Wall Street ? For example, Mark, you talk in your book about the issue of the &#171; liberal libertarians &#187;. What do you mean ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : A lot of people had this residual of American individualism that they mix with underdeveloped anarchist or libertarian in the original sense of the term- notions of opposition to coercion, inclusion, taking individualistic direction sometimes ended up precluding the possibilities of making the though decisions to exclude people being actively destructive or working against the interest of the collectivity, against certain kinds of decision-making that embody the structure that can prioritize the people who actually are affected by the decisions being made. They dismiss the decision-making method that would make directly democratic structures possible. Things like that, I think. No organization or solution could do away with this entirely, some could do better than others, but it, I think, shows the kind of political culture that we're dealing with in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : There were a couple of key challenges, I would say. Growth, scale of organization, structures, relationships linked to that growth, all forms of internal oppression, race, gender, heteronormativity, etc. And also dealing with the police presence, the level of oppression... We were not adequately prepared for any of these challenges. I think that we tried in the moment, under siege, to deal with them... But if I would have the possibility to do it over again, I would be prepared for the possibility that people might actually come. We didn't believe that people would come... We thought we would shut down after three days max. We hadn't anticipated that maybe, actually, people would be interested by our ways of doing things !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;	&lt;strong&gt;Interview by Fabien Delmotte&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Retour sur Occupy Wall Street : quelles le&#231;ons en tirer ?</title>
		<link>https://autrefutur.net/?Retour-sur-Occupy-Wall-Street-quelles-lecons-en-tirer</link>
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		<dc:date>2016-04-05T12:27:16Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Fabien D</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>R&#233;flexions</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Solidarit&#233;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Am&#233;riques</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;En 2011, le mouvement Occupy Wall Street s'est r&#233;pandu dans de nombreuses villes des &#201;tats-Unis, tout en attirant largement l'attention sur le plan international. Dans le cadre de notre enqu&#234;te sur les luttes sociales aux &#201;tats-Unis (qui nous a d&#233;j&#224; conduit &#224; pr&#233;senter &#171; Black Lives Matter &#187; et &#224; nous entretenir &#224; ce sujet avec Noam Chomsky), il a paru int&#233;ressant de rencontrer certains des animateurs ou animatrices de ce qui constitue un des mouvements sociaux am&#233;ricains les plus remarqu&#233;s (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH107/arton866-2e18d.jpg?1725749146' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='107' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;strong&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;En 2011, le mouvement Occupy Wall Street s'est r&#233;pandu dans de nombreuses villes des &#201;tats-Unis, tout en attirant largement l'attention sur le plan international. Dans le cadre de notre enqu&#234;te sur les luttes sociales aux &#201;tats-Unis (qui nous a d&#233;j&#224; conduit &#224; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.autrefutur.net/Baltimore-et-le-mouvement-Black-Lives-Matter&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;pr&#233;senter &#171; Black Lives Matter &#187;&lt;/a&gt; et &#224; &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.autrefutur.net/A-propos-des-Etats-Unis-et-des-mouvements-sociaux-entretien-avec-Noam-Chomsky&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;nous entretenir &#224; ce sujet avec Noam Chomsky&lt;/a&gt;), il a paru int&#233;ressant de rencontrer certains des animateurs ou animatrices de ce qui constitue un des mouvements sociaux am&#233;ricains les plus remarqu&#233;s de ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es. Ces entretiens tentent donc de r&#233;aliser un bilan &#224; la fois critique et constructif d'Occupy Wall Street, qui peut susciter un int&#233;r&#234;t particulier alors qu'un mouvement d'occupation &#224; certains &#233;gards comparable vise &#224; s'installer en France &#224; l'occasion de la mobilisation contre la loi El Khomri.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;Marisa Holmes a r&#233;cemment r&#233;alis&#233; le film &lt;i&gt;All day all week : an occupy wall street story&lt;/i&gt; et compte parmi les initiateurs du mouvement (voir &#224; ce sujet David Graeber, &lt;i&gt;Comme si nous &#233;tions d&#233;j&#224; libres&lt;/i&gt;, Lux Editeur, 2014). Mark Bray a aussi &#233;t&#233; particuli&#232;rement investi &#224; New York et a publi&#233; depuis &lt;i&gt;Occupons Wall Street- L'anarchisme d'Occupy Wall Street&lt;/i&gt; (&#233;ditions Noir et rouge, 2014). L'entretien donne aussi la parole &#224; Nathaniel Miller et Jason Freedman, qui t&#233;moignent de l'existence du mouvement dans d'autres villes, en l'occurrence Philadelphie et Boston.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il y a quelques ann&#233;es, vous &#233;tiez actifs dans le mouvement Occupy Wall Street. Consid&#233;rez-vous toujours Occupy comme un mouvement important ? Pourquoi ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : Je pense qu'une partie de l'importance d'Occupy a trait au contexte dans lequel il a &#233;merg&#233; : l'activit&#233; politique radicale &#233;tait alors assez faible aux Etats-Unis. Je pense que cela a fait resurgir le sentiment de la possibilit&#233; de mouvements sociaux populaires, de luttes sociales populaires, d'une transformation sociale. Toutes ces choses qui avaient &#233;t&#233; mises relativement en veilleuse ont davantage &#233;t&#233; rendues accessibles &#224; la conscience populaire via Occupy et cela a eu une influence sur les luttes sociales qui sont venues par la suite. Et je pense que cela a aussi eu une influence dans la mesure o&#249; une nouvelle g&#233;n&#233;ration de jeunes radicaux y a commenc&#233; &#224; s'engager en politique. Ces deux exemples montrent la pertinence d'Occupy, m&#234;me si le mouvement n'existe plus.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L400xH589/protesters-on-brooklyn-bridge-occupy-wall-street-006-cffb1.jpg?1725749146' width='400' height='589' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : Il y a eu diff&#233;rentes actions apr&#232;s Occupy... Par exemple, Occupy Sandy qui &#233;tait une r&#233;action &#224; l'Ouragan Sandy. Quand c'est arriv&#233;, il y a eu un r&#233;seau et une organisation &#224; but humanitaire. Il y avait des assembl&#233;es, un travail au niveau du quartier. Il y a eu des projets sur le logement comme Occupy Homes et aussi des choses qui ne s'appelaient pas Occupy mais qui &#233;taient en lien avec des tactiques d'occupation, de r&#233;appropriation... Je pense vraiment qu'Occupy Wall Street a &#233;t&#233; une sorte de convergence de beaucoup de diff&#233;rents mouvements &#233;mergents. Ensuite, les gens sont retourn&#233;s militer dans les diff&#233;rents secteurs d'o&#249; ils venaient, dans leur quartier, leur lieu de travail, ou ont continu&#233; leurs activit&#233;s contre la police, etc. Ce n'est pas comme si Occupy avait donn&#233; naissance &#224; toutes ces choses, les gens travaillaient d&#233;j&#224; dans ces domaines mais Occupy a renforc&#233; ces r&#233;seaux, les a radicalis&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : De mani&#232;re g&#233;n&#233;rale, si on regarde des choses comme la lutte et la campagne dans la restauration rapide en faveur des 15 dollars de l'heure, on peut consid&#233;rer qu'Occupy a contribu&#233; &#224; apporter un sens de l'activisme dans le mouvement syndical &#224; un niveau plus &#233;lev&#233; que ce n'&#233;tait le cas auparavant. Donc, je ne pense pas que ce soit une co&#239;ncidence si c'est arriv&#233; juste apr&#232;s ou vers la fin d'Occupy. Ou m&#234;me des choses en lien avec l'environnement (Fracking Resistance...) : l&#224; aussi je pense qu'Occupy a aid&#233; un peu. Black Lives Matter, bien entendu, a d&#233;velopp&#233; des probl&#232;mes sp&#233;cifiques, mais encore une fois, Occupy a cr&#233;&#233; un terrain propice &#224; la manifestation, au fait d'&#234;tre dans la rue, d'avoir des actions dans diff&#233;rentes villes li&#233;es &#224; quelque chose se passant ailleurs. Cela a contribu&#233; &#224; cr&#233;er un climat particulier qui a &#233;t&#233; un facteur, m&#234;me mineur, de l'existence de ces autres choses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : Avant Occupy, les gens demandaient la permission pour faire les choses, pour les rassemblements, les manifestations... Depuis Occupy, sp&#233;cialement parmi les jeunes, ce n'est plus quelque chose que l'on ressent le besoin de faire. Je veux dire, certainement, les syndicats institutionnels et d'autres forces dans la ville obtiennent des permissions mais pas Black Lives Matter. Il y avait des milliers de personnes dans la rue sur le pont routier, nous avons utilis&#233; des tactiques mobiles et des actions directes sans m&#234;me y penser. Il y avait un nouveau sens de la normalit&#233; en terme de tactique sans que les gens s'en rendent forc&#233;ment compte. Ce n'&#233;tait pas une position id&#233;ologique mais les gens &#233;taient plus &#224; l'aise avec les actions militantes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1228 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/policebrooklyn.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH280/policebrooklyn-95e75.jpg?1725749146' width='500' height='280' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa, tu as &#233;t&#233; une des premi&#232;res personnes impliqu&#233;es dans Occupy Wall Street et tu as fait un film &#224; propos du mouvement (&lt;i&gt;All day all week : an occupy wall street story&lt;/i&gt;). Comment celui-ci a-t-il commenc&#233; ? Mark, quand as-tu d&#233;cid&#233; de le rejoindre ? Quelle &#233;tait la nature principale de votre implication dans Occupy Wall Street ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : Cela a commenc&#233; au Parc Bowling Green dans le quartier des affaires du sud de Manhattan le 2 aout 2011. Le groupe New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts avait d&#233;j&#224; pris part &#224; l'occupation Bloobergville organis&#233;e plus t&#244;t dans l'&#233;t&#233;... Puis en gros, des gens sont venus, n'ont pas voulu simplement &#233;couter ce qu'il se disait au rassemblement et se sont oppos&#233;s &#224; la fa&#231;on dont les choses s'organisaient. Ces gens voulaient former une assembl&#233;e, donc ils se sont mis &#224; part et cela est devenu l'Assembl&#233;e G&#233;n&#233;rale de New York City. J'ai rejoins ce groupe. Tous les samedi, pendant 6 semaines, nous avons parl&#233; d'une occupation, avons appris &#224; nous connaitre et avons r&#233;dig&#233; un communiqu&#233; qui disait que nous &#233;tions pour l'horizontalit&#233;, la participation et l'autonomie. Le but &#233;tait que l'action soit pr&#233;figurative de cet objectif. Il faut se souvenir que c'&#233;tait dans le contexte global d'une occupation des places publiques, en particulier avec les indign&#233;s espagnols (15M). Des gens &#233;taient vraiment influenc&#233;s par eux, en particulier concernant la mani&#232;re de proc&#233;der et le mode d'action.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : En voyant le soutien grandissant que le mouvement recevait de la part de la soci&#233;t&#233;, des syndicats et de differents autres secteurs, l'int&#233;r&#234;t populaire pour la question de la brutalit&#233; polici&#232;re, suite en particulier &#224; l'utilisation de &#171; gaz au poivre &#187; par la police fin septembre, j'en suis venu &#224; appr&#233;cier l'atmosph&#232;re de plus en plus. J'ai d&#233;cid&#233; de venir r&#233;guli&#232;rement, la manifestation du Brooklyn Bridge a rendu les choses encore plus int&#233;ressantes et finalement j'ai pens&#233; qu'il se passait quelque chose et j'ai voulu le soutenir. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
J'ai &#233;t&#233; actif dans le groupe de travail Presse et apr&#232;s environ un mois, j'ai rejoint le groupe de travail action directe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Homes&lt;/strong&gt; : Je ne faisais plus que cela &#224; l'&#233;poque. C'&#233;tait 24h/24h, 7j/ 7 &#224; travailler pour Occupy ! J'ai arr&#234;t&#233; d'aller en cours, de travailler, je ne faisais plus qu'Occupy... J'&#233;tais tout le temps dans le parc. J'ai aussi particip&#233; au groupe m&#233;dia, &#224; la planification des actions, etc&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1230 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L400xH226/new-york-general-assembly-during-occupy-protests-in-zuccotti-park.-e1404487131435-9e60c.jpg?1725749146' width='400' height='226' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark, tu as &#233;crit un livre qui s'appelle &lt;i&gt;Occupons Wall Street : L'anarchisme d'Occupy Wall Street&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Translating Anarchy- The anarchism of Occupy Wall Street&lt;/i&gt;). Qu'est-ce que tu veux dire par l&#224; ?&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : La raison pour laquelle j'ai choisi ce titre est que je pense qu'Occupy Wall Street a r&#233;ussi &#224; &#234;tre &#224; la fois radical et pertinent pour la vie des travailleurs &#224; New York. Il a r&#233;ussi &#224; traduire les id&#233;es et pratiques anarchistes dans un langage et une forme d'organisation, des modes de prises de d&#233;cision et des actions qui ont permis aux gens de s'engager et de trouver cela pertinent pour leur situation, sans les rebuter avec le bagage id&#233;ologique ou la banni&#232;re radicale de l'anarchisme.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; J'ai interview&#233; pr&#232;s de 200 animateurs d'Occupy Wall Street &#224; New York, et je les ai interrog&#233; &#224; propos de leurs perspectives politiques. 39% des interview&#233;s s'identifiaient au terme &#171; anarchiste &#187; et 33% avaient des principes politiques que je dirais tr&#232;s similaires, si ce n'est identiques, &#224; l'anarchisme. Donc il y avait environ 72% des animateurs d'Occupy Wall Street &#224; New York qui avaient implicitement ou explicitement des positions politiques anarchistes. Donc, en d&#233;pit de ce que les m&#233;dias ont dit, l'anarchisme a &#233;t&#233; l'id&#233;ologie centrale parmi les gens militant au c&#339;ur d'Occupy Wall Street. Mais il faut distinguer les gens impliqu&#233;s de mani&#232;re quotidienne dans Occupy et les gens qui s'y montraient parfois, ou participaient occasionnellement &#224; une manifestation, en terme de perspective et de positionnement politique. C'est pourquoi les m&#233;dias ont essentiellement vu Occupy comme un mouvement mainstream &#171; liberal &#187; [au sens politique am&#233;ricain du terme], en ignorant l'&#233;lan radical qui le portait.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L429xH284/occupy-atlanta-general-assembly1-fea9a.jpg?1725749146' width='429' height='284' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nathaniel and Jason, vous vivez &#224; Boston et Philadelphie. Qu'est-il arriv&#233; l&#224;-bas durant le mouvement Occupy ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jason Freedman&lt;/strong&gt; : Quand Occupy est arriv&#233; aux Etats-Unis, suite &#224; l'occupation de New York, Boston a &#233;t&#233; une des villes les plus promptes &#224; r&#233;agir, &#224; travers une occupation. L'occupation a eu lieu devant une banque f&#233;d&#233;rale. La place s'appelle Dewey square. Beaucoup d'anarchistes ont &#233;t&#233; impliqu&#233;s depuis le tout d&#233;but. Parmi les groupes impliqu&#233;s, il y avait Food not bombs, Anarchist Black cross, les IWW de Boston et Common struggle (qui a d&#233;sormais int&#233;gr&#233; la Black Rose Anarchist Federation). Ils &#233;taient engag&#233;s dans la logistique, la nourriture, etc. Occupy a chang&#233; le paysage politique &#224; Boston, manifester dans la rue est devenu normal, les id&#233;es anarchistes sont devenues normales, les gens se sont int&#233;ress&#233;s aux id&#233;es anti-capitalistes mais au bout d'un certain temps, il est devenu compliqu&#233; de conserver la capacit&#233; &#224; garder le camp pour beaucoup d'occupants. Et la m&#233;t&#233;o n'a pas aid&#233;. Il a &#233;t&#233; question d'occuper un b&#226;timent mais les gens n'ont pas v&#233;ritablement envisag&#233; s&#233;rieusement la chose, m&#234;me s'il en &#233;tait de plus en plus question.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nathaniel Miller&lt;/strong&gt; : Comme dans des centaines ou peut-&#234;tre des milliers de villes, il y a eu un mouvement Occupy actif &#224; Philadelphie. Pas aussi connu ou important que celui de New York mais tout de m&#234;me important et organis&#233;, avec environ 2000 personnes impliqu&#233;es. Ce n'&#233;tait pas tr&#232;s sophistiqu&#233; en terme d'analyse mais cela a contribu&#233; &#224; critiquer le capitalisme, ce qui aux Etats-Unis n'existe habituellement pas. L'am&#233;ricain moyen est toujours extr&#234;mement pro-capitaliste dans ses analyses. Cela a donc aid&#233; &#224; un d&#233;but de critique du capitalisme. L'h&#233;ritage du mouvement est principalement cette critique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il y a parfois des clich&#233;s concernant Occupy Wall Street. Par exemple, il y a l'id&#233;e que c'&#233;tait juste un mouvement &#233;tudiant ou intellectuel, pas vraiment li&#233; aux probl&#232;mes des ouvriers, etc. Pensez-vous que c'est effectivement une caricature ou qu'il y a du vrai dans cette pr&#233;sentation ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : Je ne pense pas qu'Occupy &#233;tait universitaire, intellectuel, domin&#233; par des groupes ou une classe de personnes ayant particuli&#232;rement fait des &#233;tudes. Ce n'est pas vrai. &#201;videmment, il y avait des personnes impliqu&#233;es qui venaient d'un milieu universitaire, comme David Graeber, Marina Sitrin. Et si tu occupes un parc, il se trouve qu'il y aura certains groupes de gens qui vont &#234;tre capables d'&#234;tre l&#224; constamment... donc il y avait beaucoup d'&#233;tudiants mais aussi beaucoup de sans-abris, de ch&#244;meurs qui avaient aussi du temps...&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L400xH300/occupy-wall-street-sign-40cfe.jpg?1725749146' width='400' height='300' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : C'est en effet un peu une caricature. Des milliers de personnes ont particip&#233; &#224; travers le pays. Cela s'est certainement d&#233;velopp&#233; num&#233;riquement au-del&#224; de ce type de description. Beaucoup de syndicats ont soutenu le mouvement et certains y sont venus. A un certain moment, je crois que les sondages ont montr&#233; que 50% (ou peut-&#234;tre plus) des gens &#224; New York avaient une impression favorable concernant le message d'Occupy.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH333/march-eeb3f.jpg?1725749146' width='500' height='333' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt; Mais je pense que, dans une certaine mesure, Occupy a &#233;chou&#233; &#224; s'ancrer suffisamment, dans de nombreux cas, dans les luttes de tous les jours. Cela a un peu d&#233;velopp&#233; un &#233;cart avec le travailleur moyen et la fa&#231;on dont il percevait ce qu'&#233;tait Occupy... Tu sais, quand tu venais, je ne pense pas qu'il y avait assez de liaisons pour am&#233;liorer &#231;a, davantage de liens auraient &#233;t&#233; utiles. Mais cela d&#233;coule de la fa&#231;on dont on s'est organis&#233;, de la mani&#232;re dont les choses se sont mises en place et de la composition des gens qui &#233;taient dans le parc et qui participaient. D'un autre c&#244;t&#233;, je pense que la gauche radicale aux &#201;tats-Unis tend &#224; avoir un haut niveau d'&#233;tudes. On ne peut pas d&#233;crire Occupy comme n'&#233;tant que cela, mais je pense que cela a eu une influence sur Occupy dans certaines villes, comme New York.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : C'est vrai concernant la gauche aux Etats-Unis. Mais Occupy, de ce point de vue, &#233;tait vraiment, vraiment bien mieux que d'habitude. Parce que gr&#226;ce &#224; cette tactique d'occupation, c'&#233;tait ouvert, en fait. Les gens qui n'avaient pas cette culture radicale, cette &#233;ducation ou des connaissances id&#233;ologiques y allaient... Des gens qui vivaient dans la rue ou venaient avec leurs enfants y participaient. Et ce n'est pas ce que je constate maintenant, en fait. Il y a d&#233;sormais un environnement militant plus ferm&#233;.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;Quand je suis retourn&#233; &#224; Liberty Square pour filmer mon film &#224; propos d'Occupy Wall Street, j'ai parl&#233; &#224; un des hommes qui travaillent pour Brookfield Propret&#233;, une entreprise qui s'occupe aussi de la s&#233;curit&#233; du parc, ce qui est li&#233; &#224; la privatisation de la ville. L'homme, le type me disait &#171; oh ouais, Brookfield, ils sont pr&#234;ts pour vous les gars &#187;, tu sais ils pensent en fait que nous allons revenir (rires). Ils viennent juste d'installer deux nouvelles cam&#233;ras de surveillance. Et le gars me disait &#171; vous devriez revenir, on aura des heures suppl&#233;mentaires si vous revenez &#187; (rires). Et &#171; on vous soutient, en fait &#187;. Parce que le mouvement &#233;tait &#233;videmment li&#233; aux travailleurs ; il n'a pas de haute fonction &#224; Brookfield et il a tr&#232;s bien compris. Et pourtant ce type, tu vois, travaillait &#224; Brookfield... Tu sais, la raison pour laquelle nous parlions des 99%, des 1%, renvoyait &#224; une question de richesse... Alors ce type m'a dit, tu sais, &#171; ils prennent tout, ils ne nous laissent rien &#187;. Je ne sais pas, les gens ont compris &#224; un niveau tr&#232;s basique que la richesse devait &#234;tre redistribu&#233;e, qu'il &#233;tait n&#233;cessaire de faire une action collective. Les gens se sont identifi&#233;s &#224; ce qu'on faisait. Ils &#233;taient les 99%.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH334/poor_rich_demo-3b27a.jpg?1725749146' width='500' height='334' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : Beaucoup de journalistes ont dit que le message d'Occupy n'&#233;tait pas clair. Mais je pense que les gens ont compris assez clairement que ce petit pourcentage de personnes dans ce pays avait tout. C'&#233;tait tr&#232;s facile &#224; comprendre, la plupart des gens l'ont compris.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt; Il &#233;tait question de classe sociale mais le langage que nous utilisions mettait les gens plus &#224; l'aise, pour diff&#233;rentes raisons, que le langage de classe du 19&#232;me si&#232;cle auquel ils &#233;taient plus familiers. Je pense qu'il est important de se souvenir que, dans le contexte des Etats-Unis, l'id&#233;e qu'il y a des groupes sociaux dont les int&#233;r&#234;ts s'opposent &#224; ceux d'autres groupes est vraiment radicale. Nous avons &#233;t&#233; habitu&#233;s &#224; penser que, au final, si tout le monde &#233;tait vraiment intelligent, nous r&#233;aliserions que tous les inter&#234;ts vont dans le m&#234;me sens. Or, beaucoup de gens ont consid&#233;r&#233; que ce n'&#233;tait pas le cas, que nous &#233;tions en fait engag&#233;s dans une lutte, qui &#233;tait tr&#232;s radicale et transformatrice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : Avant 2008, avant la crise &#233;conomique, on ne pouvait pas vraiment parler de capitalisme. Mais ensuite, soudain, m&#234;me les m&#233;dias dominants, tout le monde parlait de capitalisme. &#171; C'est la fin du capitalisme &#187;, etc...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : Et Occupy a beaucoup pouss&#233; dans ce sens....&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : Et en 2011, avec Occupy, on pouvait en parler encore plus facilement. Je ne sais pas, la plupart des gens sont capitalistes dans leurs actions. Mais ils sont probablement plus critiques, maintenant, je suppose.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L460xH276/a-banner-reading-capitali-007-050a7.jpg?1725749146' width='460' height='276' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : Oui et je pense que les gens ont habituellement cette id&#233;e que le capitalisme marchera si l'on consent &#224; travailler dur, aux efforts, au sacrifice personnel et que c'est le syst&#232;me le mieux con&#231;u pour donner aux gens ce qu'ils m&#233;ritent. Alors, avec la crise &#233;conomique, et d'une certaine mani&#232;re avec la rh&#233;torique d'Occupy, nous avons essay&#233; de souligner que la logique capitaliste ne donne pas aux gens ce qu'ils m&#233;ritent. Quand tu as des banquiers qui d&#233;truisent l'&#233;conomie en s'enrichissant, m&#234;me s'ils ne contribuent pas vraiment &#224; l'&#233;conomie, et des travailleurs qui ont fait les choses qu'ils sont cens&#233;s faire et qui se retrouvent &#224; la rue sans maison ni travail... Je pense que cela aide &#224; d&#233;truire cette id&#233;e sur la nature du capitalisme, sans parler du sauvetage financier, des institutions financi&#232;res obtenant de l'argent du gouvernement pour les soutenir quand elles sont fichues, alors que les gens ne sont pas sauv&#233;s, donc...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : Mais qu'appelons nous politique ? Les m&#233;dias dominants, les syndicats, les ONG sont venus et ont voulu engager le mouvement dans la politique qui a affaire au gouvernement et aux changements de politique. Mais nous &#233;tions engag&#233;s dans une politique quotidienne consistant &#224; auto-organiser nos vies. C'est en fait ce qu'on a pas assez vu &#224; propos d'Occupy. Pas juste les id&#233;es d'anarchisme mais, tu sais, les gens qui vivaient dans le parc et auto-organisaient leurs vies avec une certaine &#233;nergie, en cherchant &#224; se nourrir et &#224; se loger eux-m&#234;me. M&#234;me si c'&#233;tait une occupation symbolique, il y avait des choses mat&#233;rielles concr&#232;tes qui se passaient l&#224;. C'est de &#231;a dont il &#233;tait question : la politique quotidienne, la r&#233;volution quotidienne.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/800px-day_43_occupy_wall_street_october_29_2011_shankbone_19.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH332/800px-day_43_occupy_wall_street_october_29_2011_shankbone_19-a0c8c.jpg?1725749146' width='500' height='332' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : Lorsque les auteurs lib&#233;raux [au sens politique am&#233;ricain] parlent d'Occupy, c'est une dimension qui est exclue de l'histoire ou simplement d&#233;crite comme une attitude li&#233;e &#224; la contre-culture. Je veux dire, je suis sympathisant de la contre-culture, j'ai fait du punk il y a quelques ann&#233;es. Mais, de toute &#233;vidence, les gens qui sont dans ce milieu, si tu essaies de militer avec eux, ne sont pas toujours tr&#232;s positifs &#224; l'id&#233;e d'&#234;tre accessibles et de participer &#224; des groupes qui soient accessibles, de sorte que les gens puissent s'y int&#233;resser. Il y a une barri&#232;re &#224; la participation (et c'est parfois un probl&#232;me avec les groupes et les mouvements anarchistes).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt; Quoiqu'il en soit, je pense que l'identit&#233; des occupants est devenue trop statique, au point que beaucoup de travailleurs ont senti qu'ils pourraient soutenir Occupy mais qu'ils n'occuperaient pas eux-m&#234;me, ce qui limitait la croissance potentielle de ce que nous faisions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1237 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L253xH199/occupyevery-151f3.jpg?1725749146' width='253' height='199' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;De fa&#231;on constructive, que pouvons nous apprendre des limites de cette exp&#233;rience ? De mani&#232;re g&#233;n&#233;rale, si nous ne nous concentrons pas seulement sur les bons c&#244;t&#233;s, quelles sont les critiques constructives que vous feriez aujourd'hui &#224; propos d'Occupy Wall Street ? Par exemple, Mark, tu parles dans ton livre du probl&#232;me des &#171; lib&#233;raux libertaires &#187;. Qu'est-ce que tu veux dire ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mark Bray&lt;/strong&gt; : Beaucoup de gens ont ce r&#233;sidu d'individualisme am&#233;ricain qu'ils mixent avec un anarchisme ou un positionnement libertaire sous-d&#233;velopp&#233; &#8211; id&#233;es d'opposition &#224; la coercition, &#224; l'inclusion, prenant des directions individualistes d&#233;bouchant parfois sur l'impossibilit&#233; de prendre des d&#233;cisions s&#233;v&#232;res excluant les gens activement destructeurs ou agissant contre l'int&#233;r&#234;t du collectif, contre des mani&#232;res de prendre des d&#233;cisions qui donnent la priorit&#233; aux gens effectivement affect&#233;s par les d&#233;cisions qui sont prises. Ils rejettent les m&#233;thodes de prise de d&#233;cision qui rendraient possible des structures de d&#233;mocratie directe. Des choses de ce genre. Aucune organisation ou solution ne peut faire disparaitre cela enti&#232;rement, certaines pourraient le faire mieux que d'autres, mais cela montre, je pense, le type de culture politique auquel nous avons affaire aux Etats-Unis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marisa Holmes&lt;/strong&gt; : Il y avait une s&#233;rie de d&#233;fis majeurs, je dirais. La croissance, l'echelle d'organisation, les structures, les relations li&#233;es &#224; cette croissance, toutes les formes d'oppression interne, la race, le genre, l'heteronormativit&#233;, etc. Et aussi g&#233;rer la pr&#233;sence polici&#232;re, le niveau d'oppression... Nous n'&#233;tions pas pr&#233;par&#233;s ad&#233;quatement pour ces d&#233;fis. Je pense que nous avons essay&#233; sur le moment, en &#233;tat de si&#232;ge, de les g&#233;rer... Mais si j'avais la possibilit&#233; de le refaire, je me pr&#233;parerais davantage &#224; la possibilit&#233; que les gens puissent, en fait, venir. Nous n'avions pas cru que les gens viendraient... Nous pensions que nous arr&#234;terions apr&#232;s 3 jours maximum... Nous n'avions pas anticip&#233; que peut-&#234;tre, en fait, les gens seraient int&#233;ress&#233;s par notre mani&#232;re de faire les choses !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;	&lt;strong&gt;Propos recueillis par Fabien Delmotte&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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		<title>Baltimore and the Black Lives Matter movement</title>
		<link>https://autrefutur.net/?Baltimore-and-Black-Lives-Matter-movement</link>
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		<dc:date>2016-03-19T23:50:08Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Fabien D</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Solidarit&#233;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Am&#233;riques</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Social</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Since 2013, Black Lives matter movement is one of the most significative contemporary social movements in the United States. Many protests happened in different towns against police brutality and racial inequality. In 2015 the protests in Baltimore and the violences and arrests linked to them notably attracted media attention in the US and the world. State of emergency was declared in the city. In New York City, many protesters marched in solidarity, blocking off the traffic and one hundred (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH85/arton857-4dccc.jpg?1725748954' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='85' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Since 2013, Black Lives matter movement is one of the most significative contemporary social movements in the United States. Many protests happened in different towns against police brutality and racial inequality. In 2015 the protests in Baltimore and the violences and arrests linked to them notably attracted media attention in the US and the world. State of emergency was declared in the city. In New York City, many protesters marched in solidarity, blocking off the traffic and one hundred was arrested. The death of Freddie Gray, caused by police officers and source of the events, was then ruled to be an homicide.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;We were in Baltimore during the beginning of the movement and met different activists. These interviews with Sara Benjamin, Fourfiff Ali and Isaac Dalto show the social situation in the city, the origins of the movement and its interest. This article is also part of a more general inquiry into social issues and social movements in the United States during these last years. &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.autrefutur.net/On-the-United-Sates-and-Social&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;An interview with Noam Chomsky on this theme&lt;/a&gt; has already been published and others articles will come soon. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L285xH350/freddie_gray-2-61cc8.jpg?1725749146' width='285' height='350' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can you present the black lives matter movement in Baltimore ? What were the steps of the movement's development in this city ? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sara Benjamin&lt;/strong&gt; : Freddie Gray was killed by the police on 19th April 2015 and that was really the start of Black lives mater in Baltimore. They broke his neck. Since then, there's been protests everyday with maybe hundreds or a thousand, a lot of people from the community. And there were a lot of children. I have organized about police brutality in Baltimore before but this is the first protest that I see where majority of the protesters are community members, with a lot of youth, preteens. Hundreds of people were protesting daily. And some people can't protest, people can't because they work, they go to school, they have children, so... There's been also a lot of college students, youth has definitely noticed this issue and do concrete things about it. Different groups, different persons felt they could do something. There were more meetings, gatherings about issues, police brutality. They tried to organize movements, talked about police bill of rights, about community control, how community should take the responsibility to see and control what happens in our own neighborhood. Because a lot of cops are not even from Baltimore city, and they are in this position where have the right to kill. We have seen that a lot. The movement Black lives matter has been definitely strong here but it's not just like one person or one group, it's just kind of like everybody who feel like &#171; ok, I'm black, my life matters &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L300xH168/policewoman-2-db172.jpg?1725749146' width='300' height='168' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fourfiff Ali&lt;/strong&gt; : Black Matters Movement began in Baltimore because we had to form some type of unity with the community, you know, because now, we're killing each other. But we have people in a position of power that destroy our community, killing our people, hurting our people, use excessive force, unnecessary force. So we brought the Black Lives matter movement along to show them that we're not going let that happen, we won't continue like that. The police department is not helping us, it's not a protective service. We pay them by tax and they're not a protective service, we, the people, we don't need them. We can govern by ourselves. If we pay you as a protective service, don't brutally beat us and lie to us, kill us, you know, treat us like animals. Harassment, police brutality, murders, insults, we don't want that. When I was at the protest with the people, a lot of officers were, you know, laughing at us, like making fun of us. If we all come together, stay together, the community will get back, the crime will go down, the community will realize we are all together. I'm looking for a change and we are looking for a change.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;I'm pretty sure the same things goes and goes in any other town. It's not just here for Baltimore city, this movement is for everywhere world wide. You know, Black Lives Matter is not just for black people, it's for everybody of all races. This movement, it's not just thousands and hundreds of black people, it's hundreds and thousands of white people. Black lives matter means everybody : we're all human beings and we want to be treated like human beings.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1214 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/ows_143985092553464-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH279/ows_143985092553464-2-fe3b6.jpg?1725749146' width='500' height='279' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SB&lt;/strong&gt; : In America, there's still a big race issue, you know what I mean. We, young black people, feel like we can't trust the police. We see that in Ferguson, we see that in New York, we see that in California and we see that here in Baltimore, specially with our police department. Racism is not anymore plantations and chains, slaves but it's racist because you have a lot of black poor people in the street being mistreated and killed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can you more generally present the social situation in Baltimore ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SB&lt;/strong&gt; : Here in Baltimore, there's a lot of issues, it's not just race and it's not just police brutality. It's about capitalism and a lot of people are not aware of how things are structured ... You know, housing is hard to find, we find a lot of youth that turn to the street, to maybe selling drugs or robbing or stealing, or committing crimes but we don't look at the environment that can assist this up. In the school system now, it's zero tolerance, like any kid whose maybe behavior is wrong, they're gonna to kick them out from school, so our kids are pushed out from school... There are a lot of parents like my age (I'm 22). Our parents are from the 70's and 80's when crack, drugs really exploded, specially in the East Coast and you see a lot of youth here, they don't even have parents. They really look up to their fathers and they find themselves in the streets, in the jail system, it's kind of like you're banned, like cast aside, you know what I mean. One of my favorite authors, Michelle Alexander, the author of The New Jim Crow, talks about the connection between capitalism, prison and the school, and racism is a strong factor. In Baltimore, there's also the city curfew law that requires all children under 14 years old to be indoors by 9 p.m. on school nights, and requires minors older than 14 to be inside by 10 p.m. on school nights, and 11 p.m. on weekends and during the summer. They can be detained, they can get fined, get criminal charges. That's really harsh. In each police district, they opened up detention centers. At the deepest level, I think it's just war on poor and black people.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;Also, the mayor, the city officials, use the word &#171; safety &#187; about police officers inside the school system. But safety is a mind-body-spirit thing, not just physical safety. I was raised in Baltimore city. There were parents with drugs, parents mentally ill. I've seen first-hand a lot of kids here who have been through a lot of traumas. In this situation, even in school, everybody is against each other : black are against the cops and even the black amongst themselves in the community because nowhere nobody feels safe. So if it's a safety thing, don't put cops with guns into school because that's gonna enforce the culture of &#171; it's ok to have guns in a school &#187;. That's gonna bring more crime. If it's really about safety, it should be about counseling, it should be about more resources for the community and not just these bullshit laws. That's not going to help anybody.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1215 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/children-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH292/children-2-1512f.jpg?1725749146' width='500' height='292' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Isaac Dalto&lt;/strong&gt; : Our city is 65% black, 30% white, there's about 622 000 people who live here.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;The (illegal) drug industry is one of the biggest sector of the economy here. It's completely untaxed, unregulated industry, of course ! The heroine trade in particular is like a rational economic choice for a lot of people. Because if you don't have a college education in Baltimore city, the jobs open to you are service industry jobs or nursing home perhaps, with, in any case, minimum wages, which is like nothing. The largest employer in our city is Johns Hopkins University. It's one of the largest sector in economy with healthcare. Baltimore was a maritime shipping city. In the last 30 or 40 years, there's been a period of deindustrialization, like in the rest of the &#171; Rust Belt &#187;. These days, the faster growing industries in the city are food service and healthcare. I believe the fastest growing occupations in Baltimore are cashiers and security guards.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;There's a lot of food deserts in Baltimore, in the far west side. That means areas where there's no food, no grocery stores available. People have to travel to find a supermarket or a grocery store. There's like a wall, with racial lines, separating east side and west side. In west side, there are food deserts, working in the drug economy is a rational choice and so on... The general dynamic is that wealthy people are encouraged to come towards the middle of the city and other people, as property values rise, are sent out elsewhere, as you see everywhere.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH375/westbaltimore-2-dd271.jpg?1725749146' width='500' height='375' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SB&lt;/strong&gt; : There are also a lot of (utility) shut offs, people are worried about excessive bills, unpaid bills.There are a lot of different aspects but that's also capitalism, that's why people are getting killed, specially black and brown youth, that's why we don't have any jobs, we're homeless, it's crazy. Honestly, a good thing about this case of Freddy Gray is that before, with the other cases in Baltimore, people knew about it, but this one was really getting people out, people telling their stories and people taking the streets. I feel that before, there were a sense of hopelessness like &#171; black kill blacks all the time, we don't understand how it started &#187;, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;It's like we're not even humans, we don't have human rights here, if you're black and you're from Baltimore City, especially. You don't see this in white communities where you have money, or even where, beyond race, there's money. You don't see that there. They try to keep this certain group of people where they are, lost in the system. You know what I mean. Getting government assistance doesn't really getting any work. Dying young by the police, or in jail, living a life that is mediocre instead of other people that are living good lives. So that's been a big problem here.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sara, you're very active in this movement and at a personal level, I know you have an experience as an unionist too. Can you tell us about that ?&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SB&lt;/strong&gt; : Actually, I started, I was working in BWI Airport. Before I worked there, I wasn't involved in anything. I knew about the problems in my community but I just wasn't motivated to do anything about it before I joined the union (Unite Here Local 7). My job was to unionize through them. I knew the union was a good thing but I didn't really understand or really care until I had problems with my job and that became personal. I joined the union and fight at the time for fair contract and others demands. We went on strike and it was really successful, we had so much support... That was a struggle with self organization in the workplace. We had a lot of women workers from different countries. There's a fear culture so it wasn't easy but we were successful !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;Then, Macdonalds and Starbucks became motivated to unionize. This influence was really great. But I stopped working there. I think the union stuff prepared me for others kind of activism, because we did a lot of stuff, picket lines, we talked to people, etc and we had solidarity from others unions and civil rights movement. Before that, I knew the issues but I didn't really know where to start.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1217 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/protestblack-2.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH375/protestblack-2-17bef.jpg?1725749147' width='500' height='375' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ID&lt;/strong&gt; : Baltimore is still very much a &#171; union town &#187;, this is a working class city. But &#171; union town &#187; is a pretty relative statement because union membership is low now. Our world today resembles to 1880's much more to 1970's, for example. We have precarious underclass and state that violently control this population in the present. People go from job to job much like Wobblies (Industrial Workers of the World) did in the coalfield and timber yards except that we're doing it now in Macdonalds and Starbucks. A hundred years ago, the IWW had a strong hold in the textile industry. There's certainly a memory of working class resistance here, we have the nickname &#171; Mobtown &#187; for a long time and more recently you have in the 1960's the civil rights movements and black freedom movement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;But union membership in this country is 11% now, in the private sector it's even lower (6 % I think). Our class is under attack now much more as it has never been. Baltimore is a neoliberal city. Generally in industry there's no union, people are expecting in the work no protections. Unlike France or other countries in West of Europe, we don't have mandatory paid sick days, we don't have paid vacations leave generally.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;	&lt;strong&gt;Interview by Fabien Delmotte&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Baltimore et le mouvement &#171; Black Lives Matter &#187;</title>
		<link>https://autrefutur.net/?Baltimore-et-le-mouvement-Black-Lives-Matter</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://autrefutur.net/?Baltimore-et-le-mouvement-Black-Lives-Matter</guid>
		<dc:date>2016-03-19T22:47:45Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Fabien D</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Solidarit&#233;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Am&#233;riques</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Social</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Depuis 2013, le mouvement &#171; Black Lives Matter &#187; (&#171; les vies noires comptent &#187;) figure parmi les mouvements sociaux contemporains les plus significatifs aux &#201;tats-Unis. De nombreuses manifestations ont eu lieu dans diff&#233;rentes villes contre la brutalit&#233; polic&#232;re et l'in&#233;galit&#233; raciale. En 2015, les manifestations de Baltimore ainsi que les violences et arrestations qui lui ont &#233;t&#233; associ&#233;es ont particuli&#232;rement attir&#233; l'attention des m&#233;dias aux &#201;tats-Unis et dans le monde. L'&#233;tat d'urgence (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH85/arton856-4d5c0.jpg?1725749147' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='85' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Depuis 2013, le mouvement &#171; Black Lives Matter &#187; (&#171; les vies noires comptent &#187;) figure parmi les mouvements sociaux contemporains les plus significatifs aux &#201;tats-Unis. De nombreuses manifestations ont eu lieu dans diff&#233;rentes villes contre la brutalit&#233; polic&#232;re et l'in&#233;galit&#233; raciale. En 2015, les manifestations de Baltimore ainsi que les violences et arrestations qui lui ont &#233;t&#233; associ&#233;es ont particuli&#232;rement attir&#233; l'attention des m&#233;dias aux &#201;tats-Unis et dans le monde. L'&#233;tat d'urgence avait &#233;t&#233; d&#233;clar&#233; dans la ville. A New York, de nombreuses personnes ont manifest&#233; leur solidarit&#233;, en bloquant la circulation, et une centaine d'entre elles ont &#233;t&#233; arr&#234;t&#233;es. La mort de Freddie Gray, caus&#233;e par des policiers et &#224; l'origine des &#233;v&#233;nements, a ensuite &#233;t&#233; jug&#233;e comme un homicide.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nous &#233;tions &#224; Baltimore durant le d&#233;but du mouvement et y avons rencontr&#233; diff&#233;rents militants. Ces entretiens avec Sara Benjamin, Fourfiff Ali et Isaac Dalto montrent la situation sociale de la ville, les origines du mouvement et son int&#233;r&#234;t. Cet article fait aussi partie d'une enqu&#234;te plus g&#233;n&#233;rale sur les questions sociales et les mouvements sociaux aux &#201;tats-Unis au cours de ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es. &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.autrefutur.net/A-propos-des-Etats-Unis-et-des-mouvements-sociaux-entretien-avec-Noam-Chomsky&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Un entretien avec Noam Chomsky sur ce th&#232;me&lt;/a&gt; a d&#233;j&#224; &#233;t&#233; mis en ligne et d'autres articles seront publi&#233;s prochainement.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L285xH350/freddie_gray-3bf4d.jpg?1725749147' width='285' height='350' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pouvez-vous pr&#233;senter le mouvement &#171; Black Lives Matter &#187; &#224; Baltimore ? Quelles ont &#233;t&#233; les &#233;tapes de son d&#233;veloppement dans cette ville ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sara Benjamin&lt;/strong&gt; : Freddie Gray a &#233;t&#233; tu&#233; par la police le 19 avril 2015 et cela a vraiment &#233;t&#233; le point de d&#233;part de Black Lives Mater &#224; Baltimore. Ils lui ont bris&#233; la nuque. Depuis, il y a eu des manifestations tous les jours avec peut-&#234;tre des centaines, voire des milliers de personne de la communaut&#233;. Et il y avait beaucoup d'enfants. J'ai d&#233;j&#224; milit&#233; &#224; propos de la brutalit&#233; polici&#232;re &#224; Baltimore mais c'est la premi&#232;re mobilisation que je vois o&#249; la majorit&#233; des manifestants sont des membres de la communaut&#233;, avec beaucoup de jeunes, de pr&#233;ados. Des centaines de personne ont manifest&#233; quotidiennement. Et il y a les gens qui ne le peuvent pas, parce qu'ils travaillent, qu'ils vont &#224; l'&#233;cole, qu'ils ont des enfants, alors... Il y a aussi eu beaucoup d'&#233;tudiants, la jeunesse a clairement identifi&#233; ce probl&#232;me et fait des choses concr&#232;tes &#224; son sujet. Diff&#233;rents groupes, diff&#233;rentes personnes ont senti qu'ils pouvaient faire quelque chose. Il y avait plus de r&#233;unions, de rassemblements &#224; propos de ces questions, de la brutalit&#233; polici&#232;re. Les gens ont essay&#233; d'organiser des mouvements, ont parl&#233; d'une d&#233;claration des droits face &#224; la police, du contr&#244;le par la communaut&#233;, de la fa&#231;on dont la communaut&#233; devrait prendre la responsabilit&#233; de voir et de contr&#244;ler ce qui se passe dans nos propres quartiers. Parce que beaucoup de policiers ne sont m&#234;me pas de Baltimore, et ils sont dans cette position o&#249; ils ont le droit de tuer. On a beaucoup vu &#231;a. Le mouvement Black Lives Matter a clairement &#233;t&#233; fort ici mais ce n'&#233;tait pas juste une personne ou un groupe, c'&#233;tait plut&#244;t toutes les personnes qui se disaient &#171; ok, je suis noir, ma vie compte &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L300xH168/policewoman-aa591.jpg?1725749147' width='300' height='168' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fourfiff Ali&lt;/strong&gt; : Le mouvement Black Lives Matter a commenc&#233; &#224; Baltimore parce que nous devons former une forme d'unit&#233; au sein de la communaut&#233;, parce que, tu sais, aujourd'hui, nous nous entretuons. Et nous avons ces gens en position de pouvoir qui d&#233;truisent notre communaut&#233;, qui tuent les n&#244;tres, les blessent et usent d'une force excessive et sans n&#233;cessit&#233;. Alors on a amen&#233; le mouvement Black Lives Matter pour leur montrer qu'on allait pas laisser faire &#231;a, qu'on allait pas continuer comme &#231;a. Le service de police ne nous aide pas, ce n'est pas un service de protection. On les paie avec nos imp&#244;ts mais ils ne sont pas un service de protection, nous le peuple, nous n'avons pas besoin d'eux. On peut se gouverner nous-m&#234;mes. Si on te paie comme un service de protection, ne nous bats pas brutalement, ne nous mens pas, ne nous tue pas, tu sais, ne nous traite pas comme des animaux. Le harc&#232;lement, la brutalit&#233; polici&#232;re, les meurtres, les insultes, nous ne voulons pas de &#231;a. Quand j'&#233;tais &#224; la manifestation avec les gens, beaucoup d'officiers de police, tu sais, se moquaient de nous, nous tournaient en d&#233;rision. Si nous nous nous r&#233;unissons tous ensemble et restons ensemble, la communaut&#233; reviendra, le crime diminuera, la communaut&#233; r&#233;alisera que nous sommes tous ensemble. Je recherche un changement et nous recherchons un changement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;	Je suis s&#251;r que la m&#234;me chose arrive dans plein d'autres villes. Ce n'est pas juste ici &#224; Baltimore, ce mouvement est pour tout le monde dans le monde entier. Tu sais, Black Lives Matter n'est pas juste pour les personnes noires, c'est pour tout le monde, quelle que soit la race. Ce mouvement, ce n'est pas juste des milliers et des centaines de personnes noires, c'est aussi des centaines et des milliers de personnes blanches. Black Lives Matter s'adresse &#224; tout le monde : nous sommes tous des &#234;tres humains et nous voulons &#234;tre trait&#233;s comme des &#234;tres humains.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1206 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/ows_143985092553464.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH279/ows_143985092553464-2ce53.jpg?1725749147' width='500' height='279' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SB&lt;/strong&gt; : En Am&#233;rique, il y a encore un probl&#232;me racial, tu vois ce que je veux dire... Nous, les jeunes gens noirs, sentons que nous ne pouvons pas faire confiance &#224; la police. Nous voyons &#231;a &#224; Ferguson, nous voyons &#231;a &#224; New York, nous voyons &#231;a en Californie et nous voyons &#231;a ici &#224; Baltimore, sp&#233;cialement avec notre service de police. Le racisme, ce n'est plus les plantations et les cha&#238;nes, mais c'est raciste parce que tu as beaucoup de personnes noires pauvres dans la rue qui sont maltrait&#233;es et tu&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pouvez-vous pr&#233;senter plus g&#233;n&#233;ralement la situation sociale &#224; Baltimore ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SB&lt;/strong&gt; : Ici, &#224; Baltimore, il y a beaucoup de probl&#232;mes, ce n'est pas juste une question raciale ou de brutalit&#233; polici&#232;re. C'est aussi la question du capitalisme et beaucoup de gens n'ont pas conscience de la fa&#231;on dont les choses sont structur&#233;es... Tu sais, trouver un logement est difficile, il y a beaucoup de jeunes qui finissent dans la rue, &#224; peut-&#234;tre vendre de la drogue ou &#224; voler, ou &#224; commettre des crimes mais on ne regarde pas l'environnement qui encourage cela. Dans le syst&#232;me scolaire, maintenant, c'est tol&#233;rance z&#233;ro. Tout gamin dont peut-&#234;tre le comportement n'est pas bon va &#234;tre vir&#233; de l'&#233;cole, donc nos enfants sont pouss&#233;s en dehors de l'&#233;cole... Il y a beaucoup de parents de mon &#226;ge (j'ai 22 ans). Nos parents sont des ann&#233;es 70 et 80, quand le crack , les drogues ont vraiment explos&#233;, sp&#233;cialement sur la c&#244;te Est et tu vois beaucoup de jeunes ici qui n'ont m&#234;me pas de parents. Ils cherchent vraiment leurs parents et se retrouvent dans la rue, en prison, c'est comme si tu &#233;tais banni, comme rejet&#233;, tu vois ce que je veux dire. Une de mes auteures favorites, Michelle Alexander, l'auteure de &lt;i&gt;The New Jim Crow&lt;/i&gt;, parle du lien entre capitalisme, prison et &#233;cole et le racisme est un facteur important. A Baltimore, il y a aussi la loi sur le couvre-feu qui exige que tous les enfants de moins de 14 ans soient chez eux &#224; 9 heures les soirs d'&#233;cole et que les mineurs de plus de 14 ans soient chez eux &#224; 10 heures les soirs d'&#233;cole et &#224; 11h les week-end et durant l'&#233;t&#233;. Ils peuvent &#234;tre mis en d&#233;tention, avoir une amende, avoir des poursuites p&#233;nales. C'est vraiment dur. Dans chaque district policier, ils ont ouvert des centres de d&#233;tention. A un niveau plus profond, je pense que c'est juste une guerre &#224; l'&#233;gard des pauvres et des personnes noires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;	Par ailleurs, le maire, les responsables de la ville utilisent le mot &#171; s&#233;curit&#233; &#187; &#224; propos de la pr&#233;sence de la police au sein du syst&#232;me scolaire. Mais la s&#233;curit&#233;, ce n'est pas juste la s&#233;curit&#233; physique, cela concerne &#224; la fois le corps et l'esprit. J'ai &#233;t&#233; &#233;lev&#233; &#224; Baltimore. J'ai vu de pr&#232;s beaucoup d'enfants qui ont eu &#224; endurer des traumas. Dans cette situation, m&#234;me &#224; l'&#233;cole tout le monde est contre tout le monde : les noirs contre les policiers et m&#234;me les noirs les uns contre les autres au sein de la communaut&#233; parce que personne ne se sent en s&#233;curit&#233; nulle part. Donc si c'est une question de s&#233;curit&#233;, ne mettez pas des policiers avec des armes dans l'&#233;cole, parce que cela va renforcer la culture du &#171; c'est normal d'avoir des armes &#224; l'&#233;cole &#187;. Cela va amener plus de crime. Si c'&#233;tait vraiment une question de s&#233;curit&#233;, il y aurait plus de conseillers, il y aurait plus de ressources pour la communaut&#233; et pas juste ces lois &#224; la con. Cela ne va aider personne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1208 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/children.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH292/children-6956d.jpg?1725749147' width='500' height='292' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Isaac Dalto&lt;/strong&gt; : Dans notre ville, il y a 65% de noirs et 30% de blancs,. Environ 622 000 personnes vivent ici.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;	L'industrie (ill&#233;gale) de la drogue est un des plus gros secteurs de l'&#233;conomie ici. C'est une &#233;conomie compl&#232;tement d&#233;r&#233;gul&#233;e et non impos&#233;e, bien entendu ! Le commerce d'h&#233;ro&#239;ne, en particulier, est une sorte de choix &#233;conomique rationnel pour beaucoup de gens. Parce que si tu n'as pas d'&#233;ducation universitaire &#224; Baltimore, les boulots qui te sont ouverts vont &#234;tre dans le secteur des services ou peut-&#234;tre des soins &#224; domicile mais dans tous les cas avec le salaire minimum, c'est-&#224;-dire presque rien. Le plus gros employeur de la ville est l'universit&#233; Johns Hopkins. C'est un des plus gros secteurs de l'&#233;conomie avec la sant&#233;. Baltimore &#233;tait une ville de commerce maritime. Ces 30 ou 40 derni&#232;res ann&#233;es, il y a eu une p&#233;riode de d&#233;sindustrialisation, comme dans le reste de la &#171; Rust Belt &#187; [&#171; ceinture de la rouille &#187;, r&#233;gion industrielle du Nord-Est des &#201;tats-Unis, ndt]. Aujourd'hui, les secteurs qui progressent le plus rapidement dans la ville sont la restauration et la sant&#233;. Je crois que les emplois en plus forte croissance &#224; Baltimore sont des emplois de caissier et de gardien de s&#233;curit&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;Il y a beaucoup de &#171; food deserts &#187;, de &#171; d&#233;serts alimentaires &#187; &#224; Baltimore, dans la partie la plus &#224; l'ouest. Cela veut dire qu'il y a des endroits o&#249; il n'y a pas de nourriture, pas de magasins d'alimentation disponibles. Les gens doivent se d&#233;placer pour trouver un supermarch&#233; ou une &#233;picerie. C'est comme un mur, d&#233;limit&#233; racialement, s&#233;parant la partie Est et la partie Ouest. A l'ouest, ce sont les d&#233;serts alimentaires, travailler dans l'&#233;conomie de la drogue est un choix rationnel, etc... La dynamique g&#233;n&#233;rale est que les gens riches sont encourag&#233;s &#224; venir vers le milieu de la ville et les autres, comme la valeur de la propri&#233;t&#233; augmente, sont envoy&#233;s ailleurs, comme tu peux le voir dans beaucoup d'autres endroits.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1209 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH375/westbaltimore-a67e5.jpg?1725749147' width='500' height='375' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SB&lt;/strong&gt; : Il y a beaucoup de coupures (dans les services), les gens s'inqui&#232;tent des factures excessives ou non-pay&#233;es. Il y a beaucoup d'aspects diff&#233;rents, mais c'est aussi le capitalisme, c'est pour cela que les gens se font tuer, surtout la jeunesse noire et &#224; la peau brune, c'est pour cela que nous n'avons pas de travail, que nous sommes sans domicile, c'est fou. Honn&#234;tement, une bonne chose &#224; propos de cette affaire de Freddie Gray, c'est qu'avant cela, avec les autres cas &#224; Baltimore, les gens savaient, mais... Celui-l&#224; a vraiment sorti les gens de chez eux et ils se sont racont&#233;s leurs histoires et ils ont pris la rue. J'ai l'impression qu'avant il y avait une sorte de d&#233;sespoir, &#171; les noirs tuent des noirs tout le temps, on ne comprend pas comment cela a pu commencer &#187;, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;C'est comme si nous n'&#233;tions m&#234;me pas des &#234;tres humains, nous n'avons pas de droits ici, sp&#233;cialement si tu es noir et que tu es de Baltimore. Tu ne vois pas &#231;a dans les communaut&#233;s blanches o&#249; il y a de l'argent ou m&#234;me, au-del&#224; de la race, o&#249; il y a de l'argent. Tu ne vois pas &#231;a l&#224;-bas. Ils essaient de maintenir ce groupe sp&#233;cifique de personnes o&#249; elles sont, perdues dans le syst&#232;me. Tu vois ce que je veux dire. Obtenir les aides de l'Etat ne t'apportera pas vraiment de travail. Mourir jeune &#224; cause de la police, ou en prison, vivre une vie m&#233;diocre tandis que d'autres vivent de bonnes vies... C'est un gros probl&#232;me ici.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sara, tu es tr&#232;s active dans ce mouvement et, sur un plan personnel, je sais que tu as aussi une exp&#233;rience de syndicaliste. Peux-tu nous en dire plus ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SB&lt;/strong&gt; : En fait, quand j'ai commenc&#233;, je travaillais &#224; l'a&#233;roport International Baltimore-Washington. Avant que je ne travaille l&#224;-bas, je n'&#233;tais impliqu&#233;e dans rien. Je connaissais les probl&#232;mes de ma communaut&#233; mais je n'&#233;tais pas motiv&#233;e pour faire quoi que ce soit, jusqu'&#224; ce que je ne rejoigne le syndicat (Unite Here Local 7). Mon boulot &#233;tait d'organiser les travailleurs. Je savais que le syndicat &#233;tait une bonne chose mais je ne m'en pr&#233;occupais pas vraiment et ne m'en suis souci&#233;e que quand j'ai eu des probl&#232;mes avec mon travail et que c'est devenu personnel. J'ai rejoins le syndicat et me suis battue &#224; l'&#233;poque pour un contrat juste et d'autres revendications. Nous avons fait gr&#232;ve et c'&#233;tait vraiment un succ&#232;s, nous avons eu tellement de soutien... C'&#233;tait une lutte avec de l'auto-organisation sur le lieu de travail. Il y avait beaucoup de femmes de diff&#233;rents pays. Il y a une culture de la peur alors ce n'&#233;tait pas facile mais nous avons gagn&#233; !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=justify&gt;Apr&#232;s, des travailleurs de Macdonalds et Starbucks sont devenus motiv&#233;s pour se syndiquer. Cette influence a &#233;t&#233; vraiment super. Mais j'ai arr&#234;t&#233; de travailler l&#224;-bas. Je pense que le militantisme syndical m'a pr&#233;par&#233;e pour d'autres types d'activisme, parce que nous avions fait beaucoup de choses l&#224;-bas, des piquets de gr&#232;ve, parler aux gens, etc. Et nous avons obtenu la solidarit&#233; d'autres syndicats et de mouvement des droits civiques. Avant cela, je connaissais les probl&#232;mes mais je ne savais pas vraiment par o&#249; commencer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_1210 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://autrefutur.net/IMG/jpg/protestblack.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH375/protestblack-a0bb2.jpg?1725749147' width='500' height='375' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=justify&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ID&lt;/strong&gt; : Baltimore est toujours largement une &#171; union town &#187;, une ville avec une tradition syndicale, c'est une ville ouvri&#232;re. Mais parler d'&#171; union town &#187; reste assez relatif car le taux de syndicalisation est bas d&#233;sormais. Notre monde ressemble beaucoup plus aujourd'hui aux ann&#233;es 1880 qu'aux ann&#233;es 1970, par exemple. Nous avons actuellement un sous-prol&#233;tariat pr&#233;caire et un Etat qui contr&#244;le violemment cette population. Les gens vont de travail en travail un peu comme les Wobblies (militants du syndicat Industrial Workers of the World) le faisaient dans les bassins miniers ou les parcs &#224; bois, sauf que nous le faisons maintenant &#224; Macdonalds et &#224; Starbucks. Il y a cent ans, les IWW avaient une forte influence dans l'industrie textile. Il y a certainement une m&#233;moire de la r&#233;sistance ouvri&#232;re ici, nous avons le surnom &#171; Mobtown &#187;, la vile de la foule &#233;meuti&#232;re, depuis longtemps et, plus r&#233;cemment, il y a eu dans les ann&#233;es 60 les mouvements de droits civiques et pour la libert&#233; noire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mais le taux de syndicalisation dans le pays est de 11% maintenant et dans le secteur priv&#233; c'est encore plus bas (6% je crois). Notre classe est attaqu&#233;e aujourd'hui beaucoup plus qu'elle ne l'a jamais &#233;t&#233;. Baltimore est une ville n&#233;olib&#233;rale. G&#233;n&#233;ralement, il n'y a pas de syndicats sur le lieu de travail, les gens ne s'attendent pas &#224; y avoir des protections. Contrairement &#224; la France ou &#224; d'autres pays de l'Europe de l'Ouest, nous n'avons pas de cong&#233;s maladie pay&#233;s obligatoires ni, en r&#232;gle g&#233;n&#233;rale, de cong&#233;s pay&#233;s pour les vacances.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;	&lt;strong&gt;Propos recueillis par Fabien Delmotte&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Coupeurs de canne Ha&#239;tiens en R&#233;publique dominicaine</title>
		<link>https://autrefutur.net/?Coupeurs-de-canne-Haitiens-en-Republique-dominicaine</link>
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		<dc:date>2015-08-26T20:12:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Correspondant</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Pr&#233;carit&#233;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>R&#233;flexions</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Am&#233;riques</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Vers la fin des ann&#233;es 1970, les gouvernements dominicains et ha&#239;tiens ont sign&#233; un accord qui permet de faire appel &#224; la main-d'&#339;uvre ha&#239;tienne pour la r&#233;colte de la canne &#224; sucre. Le texte du contrat pour l'importation de travailleurs agricoles ne parle pas d'achat, mais l'article 10 du march&#233; pour la r&#233;colte de 78-79 stipule que le &#034;Conseil &#233;tatique du sucre&#034; s'engage &#034; &#224; payer au gouvernement ha&#239;tien la somme de un million deux cent vingt cinq mille dollars, en monnaie am&#233;ricaine (&#8230;) (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH97/arton792-21236.jpg?1725754733' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='97' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vers la fin des ann&#233;es 1970, les gouvernements dominicains et ha&#239;tiens ont sign&#233; un accord qui permet de faire appel &#224; la main-d'&#339;uvre ha&#239;tienne pour la r&#233;colte de la canne &#224; sucre. Le texte du contrat pour l'importation de travailleurs agricoles ne parle pas d'achat, mais l'article 10 du march&#233; pour la r&#233;colte de 78-79 stipule que le &#034;Conseil &#233;tatique du sucre&#034; s'engage &#034; &lt;i&gt;&#224; payer au gouvernement ha&#239;tien la somme de un million deux cent vingt cinq mille dollars, en monnaie am&#233;ricaine (&#8230;) pour couvrir les frais engendr&#233;s par le recrutement de 15 000 ouvriers agricoles ha&#239;tiens et leur transport des centres de recrutement au poste fronti&#232;re de Malpasse&lt;/i&gt; &#034;&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En 2015, la pratique continue&#8230; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Texte sign&#233; par &lt;strong&gt;BATAY OUVRIYE&lt;/strong&gt; (Bataille Ouvri&#232;re), mouvement ha&#239;tien de lutte ouvri&#232;re qui permet aux membres de cette classe de participer aux luttes d&#233;mocratiques de ce pays&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Batay Ouvriye s'oppose &#224; la collaboration de classe avec les exploiteurs et (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Batay Ouvriye est membre du R&#233;seau Syndical International de Solidarit&#233; et de Luttes &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; id=&#034;nh5-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr class=&#034;spip&#034; /&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_1072 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://autrefutur.net/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH248/BATAYE-83628.jpg?1726006022' width='500' height='248' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Leur travail dans les champs, &#224; la zafra&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;R&#233;colte de la canne &#224; sucre&#034; id=&#034;nh5-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, leur vie dans les bateyes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Campement o&#249; vivent les coupeurs de cannes&#034; id=&#034;nh5-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, les dettes, l'impossibilit&#233; m&#234;me de retourner en Ha&#239;ti, les tourments, la domination sans partage, permanente, &#233;crasante, d&#233;shumanisante au plus parfait&#8230; ont &#233;t&#233; tr&#232;s document&#233;s, chant&#233;s parfois. Les traces sur le corps, les mains, dans les esprits, dans les espaces, dans la m&#233;moire de cette &#8216;vie', avec sa famille&#8230; photographi&#233;es, &#233;tudi&#233;es : une cruaut&#233; silencieuse s'en d&#233;gage. Mentionn&#233; &#233;galement le r&#244;le bien souvent criminel des autorit&#233;s dominicaines dans ce trafic d'esclaves modernes ; celui des autorit&#233;s ha&#239;tiennes, moins, m&#234;me si de plus en plus clairement, la vente d'humains et les profits&#8230; Certains, parfois courageusement, &#233;noncent la fonction des classes dominantes des deux pays, sadique. De plus en plus &#233;galement, s'exhibe l'absence du suppos&#233; &#171; Minist&#232;re des Ha&#239;tiens vivant &#224; l'&#233;tranger &#187;, minist&#232;re qui, au regard des coupeurs de canne ha&#239;tiens en r&#233;publique voisine, est une abstraction surr&#233;aliste, un affront.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On conna&#238;t moins leur organisation. Berc&#233;s par la propagande &#034;r&#233;fl&#233;chie&#034; des intellectuels, on conna&#238;t moins leur lutte. Or elles sont toutes deux d'un si bel engagement, d'un s&#233;rieux, d'un courage, d'un degr&#233; de responsabilit&#233; et d'un avant-gardisme si &#233;tonnant&#8230; !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Actuellement regroup&#233;s en &#171; Uni&#243;n de Trabajadores Ca&#241;eros &#8211; Syndicat des Travailleurs de la Canne &#187;, ils viennent de terminer un Congr&#232;s de d&#233;l&#233;gu&#233;s (deux par batey). Le d&#233;clic, l'imp&#233;rieuse obligation vient du fait de la fermeture de plusieurs centrales azucareras et de la perte cons&#233;quente de leur logement, si mis&#233;rable soit-il dans les bateyes. Nos camarades se retrouvent donc dans la rue.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#171; &#201;' pa' fuera que van ! &#187; a dit Leonel Fernandez durant l'une de ses derni&#232;res campagnes &#233;lectorales. Litt&#233;ralement : &#171; Dehors ! &#187;. Pour nos fr&#232;res coupeurs de canne en R&#233;publique Dominicaine ce serait donc maintenant, tout de suite, la tr&#232;s prochaine inutilit&#233; de leur pr&#233;sence&#8230; et leur expulsion. Poursuivis en effet par un r&#233;cent d&#233;cret d&#233;vastateur, ils seront certainement tr&#232;s vite rejet&#233;s, chass&#233;s, renvoy&#233;s&#8230; Mais o&#249; ? Certains ne parlent pas le krey&#242;l, d'autres ne se souviennent plus de leur lieu de provenance, certains sont l&#224; depuis&#8230; 1941 ! Les plus &#034;jeunes&#034; pr&#233;sents au congr&#232;s sont arriv&#233;s dans les ann&#233;es '70 ! Durant ces derniers mois, plus de vingt mille personnes (donn&#233;es du GARR&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Groupe d'Appui aux Rapatri&#233;s et R&#233;fugi&#233;s (GARR) est une plate-forme (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;) ont &#233;t&#233; expuls&#233;es de la R&#233;publique Dominicaine vers Ha&#239;ti. Comment ont-ils &#233;t&#233; accueillis ? O&#249; sont-ils maintenant ? &#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#171; L&#232; m grangou m pa jwe &#187; peut &#234;tre une parole-vent, ou une r&#233;elle r&#233;alit&#233;, de vie. Bravant alors police, r&#233;pression brutale ou intelligente, mort-subite et pleurs intarissables des siens&#8230; les coupeurs de canne ha&#239;tiens en R&#233;publique Dominicaine se sont rencontr&#233;s. Ensemble ils ont mis sur pied la &#171; Uni&#243;n de Trabajadores Ca&#241;eros &#187;. Ils r&#233;clament nationalit&#233; ou carte de s&#233;jour, pension, maison nouvelle, soins de sant&#233; pour la famille enti&#232;re et &#233;ducation pour leurs fils&#8230; : vie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pauvres de ceux qui croient que ce sera &#224; partir de s&#233;minaires ou, bien pire, &#224; travers les gouvernements et &#201;tats que se r&#233;gularisera le sort de ces travailleurs exclus de toute consid&#233;ration humaine ! M&#234;me dans un nouvel ordre de choses dit &#171; progressiste &#187;, les intellectuels petits bourgeois seront encore en retard devant l'avancement que se proposent de par leur nature m&#234;me &#8211; classe ouvri&#232;re internationale par excellence, prol&#233;tariat universel d&#233;tach&#233; en terres quelconques &#8211; les ouvriers ha&#239;tiens des bateyes dominicains.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Faudrait-il que nos &#171; progressistes &#187; comprennent, et acceptent la dynamique de ces fr&#232;res, qui, dans leurs statuts, pr&#233;cisent des fonctionnements collectifs d'une avanc&#233;e remarquable, allant m&#234;me jusqu'&#224; sp&#233;cifier que toute r&#233;union &#171; &#8230;qui n'atteindrait pas le quorum, destituera imm&#233;diatement le comit&#233; de direction &#187; !!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De par le monde, aujourd'hui, la d&#233;mocratie &#171; repr&#233;sentative &#187; est remise en question. La propagande dominante masque ce ph&#233;nom&#232;ne. Il n'en pas moins r&#233;el et fort. Ce qu'en fait proposent, revendiquent nos camarades Coupeurs de canne en R&#233;publique Dominicaine, c'est le principe &#171; &#192; tout moment r&#233;vocable &#187;, qui doit &#234;tre appliqu&#233; &#224; tout &#233;lu. Devant alors r&#233;pondre p&#233;riodiquement et strictement de son travail envers la collectivit&#233;, dans les d&#233;lais collectivement entendus. Contr&#244;le irr&#233;m&#233;diable, de masse, face au blocage et la tromperie hideuse de la &#171; d&#233;mocratie repr&#233;sentative &#187;, subtile &#8211; rats &#8211;, criminelle en fait.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;R&#233;vocable &#224; tout moment : m&#233;canisme &#233;tablit entre eux par les Coupeurs de Canne Ha&#239;tiens en R&#233;publique Dominicaine !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ils ont essay&#233; de faire une grande manifestation ces jours pass&#233;s. Pr&#232;s de quatre mille personnes, ont brav&#233; tous les dangers pour se rendre de la principale place publique au palais national. Elle fut, logiquement, interdite puis, devant l'insistance, bloqu&#233;e et d&#233;truite quand ils allaient franchement d&#233;raper. En effet, &#224; quelques centaines de m&#232;tres du lieu de rencontre, quand s'&#233;branlait r&#233;ellement le groupe, police et r&#233;pression naturelle ont surgi, dispersant brutalement tout le monde. Nos amis nous ont fait part cependant de leur ferme intention de poursuivre la lutte. Pour fin-mars, est en effet pr&#233;vue une nouvelle rencontre, cette fois-ci de ceux qui ont moins de dix ans en territoire dominicain, les &#034;jeunes&#034;, pour mettre en place une structure et une plateforme de lutte sp&#233;cifiques, devant s'articuler aux revendications des anciens : pour une plus grande force. Seule fa&#231;on pour ces &#034;Ha&#239;tiens&#034; d'exister. Nous autres aussi peut-&#234;tre.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;BATAY LA FENK K&#210;MANSE !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr class=&#034;spip&#034; /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;BATAY OUVRIYE (Bataille Ouvri&#232;re) est un mouvement ha&#239;tien de lutte ouvri&#232;re qui permet aux membres de cette classe de participer aux luttes d&#233;mocratiques de ce pays. Il s'oppose nettement &#224; la collaboration de classe avec les exploiteurs et leur appareil de domination - l'Etat - et se solidarise avec l'ensemble des couches domin&#233;es et exploit&#233;es de ce pays, ainsi qu'internationalement , en participant &#224; leur travail d'organisation et de lutte.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Batay Ouvriye s'oppose &#224; la collaboration de classe avec les exploiteurs et leur appareil de domination et se solidarise avec l'ensemble des couches domin&#233;es et exploit&#233;es de ce pays, ainsi qu'internationalement , en participant &#224; leur travail d'organisation et de lutte.&lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;Site : &lt;a href=&#034;https://batayouvriye.wordpress.com&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://batayouvriye.wordpress.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://laboursolidarity.org/Reseau-syndical-international-de&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://laboursolidarity.org/Reseau-syndical-international-de&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;R&#233;colte de la canne &#224; sucre&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Campement o&#249; vivent les coupeurs de cannes&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Groupe d'Appui aux Rapatri&#233;s et R&#233;fugi&#233;s (GARR) est une plate-forme d'associations et d'organisations non gouvernementales travaillant sur la probl&#233;matique de la migration. Tout en n'excluant pas les autres p&#244;les de migration, le GARR concentre ses efforts sur la R&#233;publique Dominicaine o&#249; vivent de nombreux immigrants ha&#239;tiens dans des situations extr&#234;mement difficiles.&lt;br class='manualbr' /&gt;Depuis le tremblement de terre qui a frapp&#233; Ha&#239;ti le 12 janvier 2010, le GARR travaille &#233;galement avec des d&#233;plac&#233;s internes qui se trouvent dans des camps et dans des familles d'accueil &#224; Port-au-Prince et &#224; la fronti&#232;re.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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